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Molecular Diagnosis and Diversity for Regulated Xanthomonas
Bacterial virulence factors
This DokuWiki is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)
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Author: Dorota Tekielska
Internal reviewer: Jens Boch
Expert reviewer: 
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Capsicum annuum PI163192 (Cook & Guevara, 1984).
Identified. Bs1 was backcrossed over 7 generations into the commercial pepper cultivar Early Calwonder (ECW) to produce a near-isogenic pepper cultigen (ECW-10R) for identification of race 1 and race 2 pathogenic strains (Stall et al., 2009). The three resistance genes Bs1, Bs2, and Bs3 were transferred to a single plant of ECW and designated ECW123.
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Bs1 is a dominant resistance which results in a fast hypersensitive response reaction upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBs1 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. The resistance is rapidly overcome in the field by mutation of avrBs1 in the bacteria making this resistance unsuitable for commercial breeding.
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Capsicum chacoense (Cook & Stall, 1963).
Bs2 was the first cloned resistance gene in pepper (Tai et al., 1999). Bs2 was backcrossed over 7 generations into the commercial pepper cultivar Early Calwonder (ECW) to produce a near-isogenic pepper cultigen (ECW-20R) (Stall et al., 2009). The three resistance genes Bs1, Bs2, and Bs3 were transferred to a single plant of ECW and designated ECW123.
Markers for breeding of Bs2 in pepper have been established (Truong et al., 2011). An overview of markers for different disease resistances in pepper has been published (Barka and Lee, 2020).
The dominant Bs2 resistance gene encodes an NB-LRR protein which interacts with the AvrBs2 protein from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and causes a hypersensitive response (Tai et al., 1999). Expression of Bs2 in other solanaceous plants, but not nonsolanaceous plants, also triggers hypersensitive response to AvrBs2. Bs2 was broadly used in resistance breeding and in 2000 nearly 100% commercial bell peppers contained the Bs2 resistance. Because pathogen strains with mutations in avrBs2 emerged, Bs2 was only effective for commercial control of bacterial spot disease for 5-6 years.
NA
Capsicum annuum PI271322 (Kim & Hartmann, 1985).
cloned and sequenced (Roemer et al., 2007). A near-isogenic line containing the Bs3 (ECW-30R) (Stall et al., 2009). The three resistance genes Bs1, Bs2, and Bs3 were transferred to a single plant of ECW and designated ECW123.
NA
Bs3 is a dominant resistance gene and not expressed during normal life of the plant. The TAL effector AvrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria binds to the promoter of Bs3 and causes expression which results in programmed cell death (Roemer et al., 2007). Bs3 encodes an unusual flavin monooxygenase, but it is unknown whether the Bs3 protein has any enzymatic activity. The bs3 variant has a deletion in the promoter which prohibits binding of AvrBs3 (Roemer et al., 2007). Instead, bs3 is triggered by binding of a variant of AvrBs3 with deletions of several repeats that cause it to recognize the modified sequence in the promoter of bs3 (Roemer et al., 2007). The TALE AvrHah1 from Xanthomonas gardneri also elicits the Bs3 resistance. Commercial pepper lines containing Bs2 and Bs3 were used.
NA
Capsicum pubescens PI235047 (Stall et al., 2009).
Identified in pepper, cloned from tomato (Schornack et al., 2004).
NA
Bs4 is a dominant resistance gene. It has not been introgressed into pepper, because C. annuum can not be crossed with C. pubescens.
NA
Capsicum annuum ECW12346 (Jones et al., 2002; Vallejos et al., 2010).
Identified, mapped
NA
bs5 is a recessive resistance which has been mapped within the genome of. (Vallejos et al., 2010).
NA
Capsicum annuum ECW12346 (Jones et al., 2002; Vallejos et al., 2010).
Identified, mapped
NA
bs6 is a recessive resistance
NA
Capsicum pubescens PI235047A.
Identified.
N/A
The dominant BsT resistance gene from C. pubescens causes a hypersensitive response upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBsT from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Expression of avrBsT in C. annuum using Agrobacterium causes an HR and infection of papper with Xcv strains containing avrBsT on a high-copy plasmid causes a spotty hypersensitive reaction (Escolar et al., 2001) indicating that BsT is also present in C. annuum.
NA
Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (Potnis et al., 2012).
Identified.
NA
Bs7 is a dominant resistance gene.
Barka GD, Lee J (2020). Molecular marker development and gene cloning for diverse disease resistance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): current status and prospects. Plant Breed. Biotech. 8: 89-113. DOI: 10.9787/PBB.2020.8.2.89.
Cook AA, Stall RE (1963). Inheritance of resistance in pepper to bacterial spot. Phytopathology 53: 1060-1062.
Escolar L, van den Ackerveken G, Pieplow S, Rossier O, Bonas U (2001) Type III secretion and in planta recognition of the Xanthomonas avirulence proteins AvrBs1 and AvrBsT. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2: 287-296. DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00077.x.
Jones JB, Minsavage GV, Roberts PD, Johnson RR, Kousik CS, Subramanian S, Stall RE (2002). A non-hypersensitive resistance in pepper to the bacterial spot pathogen is associated with two recessive genes. Phytopathology 92: 273-277. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.3.273
Kim BS, Hartmann RW (1985). Inheritance of a gene (Bs3) conferring hypersensitive resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Plant Dis. 69: 233-235.
Potnis N, Minsavage G, Smith JK, Hurlbert JC, Norman D, Rodrigues R, Stall RE, Jones JB (2012). Avirulence proteins AvrBs7 from Xanthomonas gardneri and AvrBs1. 1 from Xanthomonas euvesicatoria contribute to a novel gene-for-gene interaction in pepper. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 25: 307-320. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-08-11-0205
Römer P, Hahn S, Jordan T, Strauss T, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2007). Plant pathogen recognition mediated by promoter activation of the pepper Bs3 resistance gene. Science 318: 645-648. DOI: 10.1126/science.1144958
Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV (2009). Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 47: 265-284. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752
Tai TH, Dahlbeck D, Clark ET, Gajiwala P, Pasion R, Whalen MC, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ (1999). Expression of the Bs2 pepper gene confers resistance to bacterial spot disease in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14153-14158. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.24.14153
Truong HTH, Kim K-T, Kim S, Cho M-C, Kim H-R, Woo J-G (2011) Development of gene-based markers for the Bs2 bacterial spot resistance gene for marker-assisted selection in pepper (Capsicum spp.). Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 52: 65-73. DOI: 10.1007/s13580-011-0142-4.
Vallejos CE, Jones V, Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV, Schultz DC, Rodrigues R, Olsen LE, Mazourek M (2010). Characterization of two recessive genes controlling resistance to all races of bacterial spot in peppers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 121: 37-46. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1289-6
Choi HW, Hwang BK (2015). Molecular and cellular control of cell death and defense signaling in pepper. Planta 241: 1-27. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2171-6
Hibberd AM, Gillespie D (1982). Heritability of field resistance to bacterial leaf spot disease in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Scientia Hortic. 17: 301-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(82)90110-8
Hong JK, Hwang IS, Hwang BK (2017). Functional roles of the pepper leucine-rich repeat protein and its interactions with pathogenesis-related and hypersensitive-induced proteins in plant cell death and immunity. Planta 246: 351-364. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2709-5
Leister RT, Dahlbeck D, Day B, Li Y, Chesnokova O, Staskawicz BJ (2005). Molecular genetic evidence for the role of SGT1 in the intramolecular complementation of Bs2 protein activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell 17: 1268-1278. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.029637
Park CJ, Shin R, Park JM, Lee GJ, You JS, Paek KH (2002). Induction of pepper cDNA encoding a lipid transfer protein during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 243-254. DOI: 10.1023/a:1013383329361
Riva EM, Rodrigues R, Pereira MG, Sudré CP, Karasawa M (2004). Inheritance of bacterial spot disease in Capsicum annuum L. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 4: 490-494. DOI: 10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a18
Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Bento CS, de Pina Matta F (2009). Genetic parameters and selection for resistance to bacterial spot in recombinant F6 lines of Capsicum annuum. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 9: 108-115. PDF: www.sbmp.org.br/cbab/siscbab/uploads/c8129491-83fe-7669.pdf
Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Viana AP, do Amaral jr. AT (2007). Obtaining pepper F2:3 lines with resistance to the bacterial spot using the pedigree method. Horticultura Brasileira 25: 567-571. PDF: www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf
Romero AM, Kousik CS, Ritchie DF (2002). Temperature sensitivity of the hypersensitive response of bell pepper to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. Phytopathology 92: 197-203. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197
Silva LRA, Rodrigues R, Pimenta S, Correa JWS, Araújo MSB, Bento CS, Sudré CP (2017). Inheritance of bacterial spot resistance in Capsicum annuum var. annuum. Genet. Mol. Res. 16: gmr16029631. DOI: 10.4238/gmr16029631
