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Molecular Diagnosis and Diversity for Regulated Xanthomonas
Bacterial virulence factors
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MAPK genes (Hamel et al., 2005; Duplessis et al., 2009).
NA.
Hybrid poplar cell suspension cultures of Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides H11-11 (Dr. M. Gordon, University of Washington, Seattle, WA) (Hamel et al., 2005).
NA.
Expression of MAPK genes tested by in-gel kinase assay (Hamel et al., 2005).
Perception of a mix of various elicitors from both bacterial strains (which can be quite specific but for which the specific poplar R-genes for Xanthomonas spp. are unknown) activated two MAPKs of about 44 and 47 kD, probably of ERK-type. The MAPKs are then activating plant defense mechanisms (Hamel et al., 2005).
NA.
> See Table 1 for resistant cultivars found in literature.
NA.
Morphological markers.
Resistant species or cultivars are determined by field observations or by controlled mechanical inoculations of the pathogen into the plants. A literature synthesis of the susceptibility of main European cultivars to X. populi pv. populi was made by Pinon & Valadon in 1995.
Table 1: Main European resistant cultivars to X. populi, according to the literature synthesis of Pinon & Valadon (1995).
| P. nigra | P. x euramericana | P. trichocarpa | P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides |
|---|---|---|---|
| cv. Ankum (Anonymous, 1982a) cv. Brandaris (Anonymous, 1982a) cv. Loenen (Anonymous, 1982b) cv. Schoorldam (Anonymous, 1982a) cv. Vereecken (Anonymous, 1982b; Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Wolterson (Anonymous, 1982a) | cv. Agathe F (Anonymous, 1982a; Ride & Ride, 1993; Koster, 1972; Viart, 1972) cv. Bietigheim (Albrecht & Boden, 1988 cv. BL Costanzo (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Bleu d’Exaerde (Kolster, 1967) cv. Boccalari (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Büchig (Albrecht & Boden, 1988) cv. Campeador (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Dolomiten (Albrecht & Böden, 1988) cv. Gaver (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Ghoy (Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères, 1982a; Soulères, 1982b) cv. Gibecq (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. I214 (Anonymous, 1982b; Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Boden, 1988; Kolster, 1967; Janssen, 1989) cv. I455 (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Isières (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Koster (de Vries, 1987) cv. Lampertheim (Albrecht & Böden, 1988) cv. Ogy (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Ostia (Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Böden, 1988) cv. Primo (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Rintheim (Albrecht & Böden, 1988) cv. Serotina de Selys (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Spijk (Anonymous, 1982a; Koster, 1972) | cv. Blom (Anonymous, 1982a; Ride & Ride, 1993; Koster, 1972) cv. Columbia River (Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Böden, 1988; Soulères, 1982a; Soulères, 1982b; Janssen, 1989; Kechel & Böden, 1985) cv. Fritzi Pauley (Anonymous, 1982a; Ride & Ride, 1993; Koster, 1972; Albrecht & Böden, 1988; Kolster, 1967; Janssen, 1989) cv. Scott Pauley (Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Böden, 1988) cv. Trichobel (Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères, 1982b) | cv. Beaupré (Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères, 1982a; Soulères, 1982b) cv. Hunnegem (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Raspalje (Ride & Ride, 1993) cv. Unal (Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères 1982a; Soulères, 1982b) |
Albrecht J, Böden E (1988). Zur Krankheitsanfälligkeit von zugelassenen Pappelklonen der Sektionen Aigeiros und Tacamahaca. Holzzucht 42: 25-29.
Anonyme (1982a). Populierengids n°1. Wageningen, the Netherlands, 39 p.
Anonyme (1982b). Populierengids n°2. Wageningen, the Netherlands, 40 p.
Cary JW, Rajasekaran K, Jaynes JM, Cleveland TE (2000). Transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth in vitro and in planta. Plant Sci. 154: 171–181. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00189-8.
De Lucca AJ, Bland JM, Grimm C, Jacks TJ, Cary JW, Jaynes JM, Cleveland TE, Walsh TJ (1998). Fungicidal properties, sterol binding, and proteolytic resistance of the synthetic peptide D4E1. Can. J. Microbiol. 44: 514–520. DOI: 10.1139/w98-032.
de Vries, SMG. 1987. Populus euramericana ’Koster’. Ned. Bosb. Tijdschr. 4: 99.
Duplessis S, Major I, Martin F, Séguin A (2009). Poplar and pathogen interactions: Insights from Populus genome-wide analyses of resistance and defense gene families and gene expression profiling. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 28: 309-334. DOI: 10.1080/07352680903241063.
Hamel LP, Miles GP, Samuel MA, Ellis BE, Seguin A, Beaudoin N (2005). Activation of stress-responsive nitrogen-activated protein kinase pathways in hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides). Tree Physiol. 25: 277–288. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/25.3.277.
Janssen A (1989). First results of resistance tests on different poplar clones in vitro with the bacterial canker pathogen Xanthomonas populi Ridé. Proc Meeting IUFRO working party S2.02.10, Hann Münden, 2-6 October 1989.
Kechel HG, Böden (1985). Resistenzprüfung an Pappeln aus Gewebekultur. Eur. J. For. Path. 15: 45-51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0329.1985.tb01041.x.
Kolster HW (1967). Populiererassen in de EEG Landen en hun bruikbaarheid voor Nederland. Stichting Bosbouwproefstation ’De Dorschkamp’, 150p.
Koster R (1972). Elf nieuwe populiereklonen : ten geleide. Ned. Bosb. Tijdschr. 238: 173-189.
Mentag R, Luckevich M, Morency MJ, Seguin A (2003). Bacterial disease resistance of transgenic hybrid poplar expressing the synthetic antimicrobial peptide D4E1. Tree Physiol. 23: 405–11. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/23.6.405.
Pinon J, Valadon A (1995). Comportement des cultivars de peupliers commercialisables dans l’Union européenne vis-à-vis de quelques parasites majeurs. Ann. Sci. For. 54: 19–38. DOI: 10.1051/forest:19970103.
Ride M, Ride S (1993). Sensibilité de cultivars ou clones de peuplier à Xanthomonas populi, agent du chancre bactérien, 5 p.
Soulères G (1982a). Informations populicoles. Rev. For. Fr 4: 327-328.
Soulères G (1982b). Étude sur cinq nouveaux cultivars de peupliers. Forêts de France 255: 29-34.
Viart M (1972). Note sommaire sur onze nouveaux clones néerlandais. Rev. For. Fr. 24: 293-294.
