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--- bacteria:t3e:xopah [2020/06/22 09:48]
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-====== XopAH ======
-Author: Steven J. Roberts\\
-Internal reviewer: FIXME \\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
-Class: XopAH\\
-Family: XopAH\\
-Prototype: XopAH (AvrXccC) (//Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //campestris// strain 8004 - //Qian et al//., 2005)\\
-RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/ABQ10636.1|ABQ10636.1]] (440 aa) (gene [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/EF529437.1|EF529437.1]] 1323 bp)\\
-D structure: Unknown
-===== Biological function =====
-=== How discovered? ===
- AvrXccC was described during a genome comparison analysis between  CKGE_TMP_i Xanthomonas  CKGE_TMP_i citri pv. citri and  CKGE_TMP_i X. campestris CKGE_TMP_i  pv. campestris Xcc strain ATCC33913=NCPPB528 (Da Silva et al., 2002) and in   a search of annotated genome (Castenada //et al//., 2005).
-=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
-Secreted XopAH (AvrXccC) proteins were detected in culture fluid from //Xcc// 8004 and //hrcV// mutant complemented strains but not from the //hrcV// mutant (Wang //et al//., 2007). Insertion and deletion mutants affecting the locus (Xcc2109) in the type strain (Xcc 528) resulted in loss of virulence on the host Florida Broad Leaf Mustard (Castenada //et al//., 2005).
-=== Regulation ===
-Promoter activity assays showed that the expression of XopAH (//avrXccC)// is //hrpG/hrpX//-dependent (Wang //et al//., 2007).
-=== Phenotypes ===
-This effector is required for full virulence in the susceptible host cabbage (//Brassica oleracea//) (Wang //et al//., 2007) and results in avirulence in the resistant host mustard (//Brassica napiformis//) (Castenada //et al//., 2005; <font 10.5pt/inherit;;#333333;;inherit>He et al., 2007; Wang //et al</font>//., 2007). The intact AvrB-AvrC domain of //AvrXccC<sub>8004</sub> // is essential and sufficient to elicit defense responses in an //Arabidopsis// resistant ecotype (Col-0) (Ho et al., 2013).
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;#333333;;white>In the interaction  CKGE_TMP_i Arabidopsis CKGE_TMP_i / CKGE_TMP_i Xcc CKGE_TMP_i  strain 8004,  CKGE_TMP_i AvrXccC<sub>8004</sub> CKGE_TMP_i  not only presented its avirulence activity to trigger plant defense response but also possessed its virulence activity to manipulate the component involved in the ABA signalling pathway leading to an increase of ABA concentrations (Ho et al., 2013).</font>
-=== Localization ===
-XopAH (AvrXccC) is anchored to the plant plasma membrane, and the N‐terminal myristoylation site (amino acids 2–7: GLcaSK) is essential for its localization (Wang //et al//., 2007).
-=== Enzymatic function ===
- XopAH has a Fido/AvrB domain derived from the fic (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced filamentation and doc (death on curing) domains (Kinch et al., 2009). Structural comparisons resulted in the inclusion of similar segments of the T3 effector AvrB from  CKGE_TMP_i Pseudomonas syringae CKGE_TMP_i  species (Kinch et al., 2009; White et al., 2009). T3 effectors in the XopAH group could trans-AMPylate plant host proteins. AMPylation represents a posttranslational modification used to stably modify proteins with AMP (Kinch et al., 2009).
-=== Interaction partners ===
- not known ?
-===== Conservation =====
-=== In xanthomonads ===
-In //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. campestris.  XopAH is also present in  CKGE_TMP_i X. arboricola CKGE_TMP_i  pv. juglandis within strains causing Walnut Blight but is absent from the strains causing vertical oozing canker (Cesbron et al., 2015).
-=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
-Yes (AvrB //Pseudomonas savastanoi//, //Pseudomonas syringae//)
-===== References =====
-Castenada A, Reddy JD, El-Yacoubi B, Gabriel DW (2005). Mutagenesis of all eight avr genes in //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //campestris// had no detected effect on pathogenicity, but one avr gene affected race specificity. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 18: 1306-1317. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-18-1306|10.1094/MPMI-18-1306]].
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;white>Cesbron, S., Briand, M., Essakhi, S., Gironde, S., Boureau, T., Manceau, C., Fischer-Le Saux, M., and Jacques, M. A. 2015.</font><font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Comparative genomics of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of  CKGE_TMP_i Xanthomonas arboricola CKGE_TMP_i  unveil molecular and evolutionary events linked to pathoadaptation. Frontiers in plant science 6:1126.</font>
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;white>Da Silva, A. C., Ferro, J. A., Reinach, F. C., Farah, C. S., Furlan, L. R., Quaggio, R. B., Monteiro-Vitorello, C. B., Van Sluys, M. A., Almeida, N. F., Alves, L. M., Do Amaral, A. M., Bertolini, M. C., Camargo, L. E., Camarotte, G., Cannavan, F., Cardozo, J., Chambergo, F., Ciapina, L. P., Cicarelli, R. M., Coutinho, L. L., Cursino-Santos, J. R., El-Dorry, H., Faria, J. B., Ferreira, A. J., Ferreira, R. C., Ferro, M. I., Formighieri, E. F., Franco, M. C., Greggio, C. C., Gruber, A., Katsuyama, A. M., Kishi, L. T., Leite, R. P., Lemos, E. G., Lemos, M. V., Locali, E. C., Machado, M. A., Madeira, A. M., Martinez-Rossi, N. M., Martins, E. C., Meidanis, J., Menck, C. F., Miyaki, C. Y., Moon, D. H., Moreira, L. M., Novo, M. T., Okura, V. K., Oliveira, M. C., Oliveira, V. R., Pereira, H. A., Rossi, A., Sena, J. A., Silva, C., De Souza, R. F., Spinola, L. A., Takita, M. A., Tamura, R. E., Teixeira, E. C., Tezza, R. I., Trindade dos Santos, M., Truffi, D., Tsai, S. M., White, F. F., Setubal, J. C., and Kitajima, J. P. 2002. Comparison of the genomes of two  CKGE_TMP_i Xanthomonas CKGE_TMP_i  pathogens with differing host specificities. Nature 417:459-463.</font>
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;white>He, Y. Q., Zhang, L., Jiang, B. L., Zhang, Z. C., Xu, R. Q., Tang, D. J., Qin, J., Jiang, W., Zhang, X., Liao, J., Cao, J. R., Zhang, S. S., Wei, M. L., Liang, X. X., Lu, G. T., Feng, J. X., Chen, B., Cheng, J., and Tang, J. L. 2007. Comparative and functional genomics reveals genetic diversity and determinants of host specificity among reference strains and a large collection of Chinese isolates of the phytopathogen  CKGE_TMP_i Xanthomonas campestris CKGE_TMP_i  pv. campestris. Genome Biology 8:R218.</font>
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;white>Ho, Y. P., Tan, C. M., Li, M. Y., Lin, H., Deng, W. L., and Yang, J. Y. 2013. The AvrB_AvrC Domain of AvrXccC of  CKGE_TMP_i Xanthomonas campestris CKGE_TMP_i  pv. campestris Is Required to Elicit Plant Defense Responses and Manipulate ABA Homeostasis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 26:419-430.</font>
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Kinch, L. N., Yarbrough, M. L., Orth, K., and Grishin, N. V. 2009. Fido, a Novel AMPylation Domain Common to Fic, Doc, and AvrB. Plos One 4: e5818.</font>
-Qian W, Jia Y, Ren SX, He Y Q, Feng JX, Lu LF, Sun Q, Ying G, Tang DJ, Tang H, Wu W, Hao P, Wang L, Jiang BL, Zeng S, Gu WY, Lu G, Rong L, Tian Y, Yao Z, Fu G, Chen B, Fang R, Qiang B, Chen Z, Zhao GP, Tang JL and He C (2005). Comparative and functional genomic analyses of the pathogenicity of phytopathogen //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //campestris.// Genome Research 15: 757-767. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.3378705|10.1101/gr.3378705]].
-Wang L, Tang X, He C (2007). The bifunctional effector AvrXccC of //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //campestris// requires plasma membrane-anchoring for host recognition. Mol. Plant Pathol. 8: 491-501. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00409.x|10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00409.x]].
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>White, F. F., Potnis, N., Jones, J. B., and Koebnik, R. 2009. The type III effectors of  CKGE_TMP_i Xanthomonas CKGE_TMP_i .</font><font 10.5pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>Mol. Plant Pathol. 10:749-766.</font>

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