====== Cassava (//Manihot esculenta//) ====== Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roland_Koelliker|Roland Kölliker]]\\ Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Massimiliano_Morelli|Massimiliano Morelli]]\\ Expert reviewer: FIXME ===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas phaseoli// pv. //manihotis// (//Xpm//) ===== ==== Resistance gene: //meSWEET10a// ==== === Synonyms === cassava4.1_013474 (Sui //et al.//, 2017). === Source === Cassava cultivar TMS 60444 (Cohn //et al.//, 2014; Cohn //et al.//, 2016). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Cohn //et al.//, 2014). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === Interacts with Tal20Xam668 (Cohn //et al.//, 2014). ---- ==== Resistance gene: candidate genes interacting with TAL14 Xam668 ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava cultivar TMS 60444 (Cohn //et al.//, 2016). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Identified (Cohn //et al.//, 2016). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === RNA sequencing was used to identify the full target repertoire of TAL14Xam668 in cassava, which includes over 50 genes. A subset of highly up-regulated genes was tested for activation by TAL14CIO151 from //Xpm// strain CIO151 (Cohn //et al.//, 2016). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //RXam1// ==== === Synonyms === PCR250; Xa21-like resistance gene (Diaz-Tatis //et al.//, 2018). === Source === Cassava cultivars MBra685 and MBra902 (Diaz-Tatis //et al.//, 2018). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Diaz-Tatis //et al.//, 2018). === Molecular markers === PCR250 (Jorge //et al.//, 2000). === Brief description === Overexpression of //RXam1// leads to a reduction in bacterial growth of //Xpm// CIO136. This suggests that //RXam1// might be implicated in strain-specific resistance to //Xpm// CIO136 (Diaz-Tatis //et al.//, 2018). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //Bs2// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Pepper (Tai //et al.//, 1999; Diaz-Tatis //et al.//, 2019). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Diaz-Tatis //et al.//, 2019). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === Transgenic cassava plants that functionally express //Bs2// were regenerated. These results showed that overexpression of //Bs2// in a highly susceptible cultivar leads to reactive oxygen species production. However, the overexpression of //Bs2// neither leads to an HR in cassava nor reduces //Xpm// growth on //in vitro// plants (Diaz-Tatis //et al.//, 2019). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //MeBIK1// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava (Li //et al.//, 2017a). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Li //et al.//, 2017a). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === //Arabidopsis MeBIK1// overexpression lines //OX1// demonstrated a strong resistance to //Xpm// strain HN01 (Li //et al//., 2017a). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //MebZIP3//, //MebZIP5// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava cultivar South China 124 (Li //et al.//, 2017b). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Li //et al.//, 2017b). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === //MebZIP3// and //MebZIP5// conferred improved disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight, with more callose depositions (Li //et al.//, 2017b). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //MeDELLA// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava cultivas South China 124 (Li //et al.//, 2018). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Li //et al.//, 2018). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === Through overexpression in //Nicotiana benthamiana//, it was found that 4 //MeDELLAs// conferred improved disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight (Li //et al.//, 2018). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //MEPX1// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava cultivar MCOL22 (Pereira //et al.//, 2003). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Pereira //et al.//, 2003). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === Polymorphisms between cultivars generally reflected geographic origin, but there was also an association with resistance to CBB, indicating that MEPX1 could be a potentially useful marker for this trait (Pereira //et al.//, 2003). ---- ==== Resistance gene: QTL against Xam318 and Xam681 ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava F1 mapping population, derived from a cross between cultivar TMS30572 and cultivar CM2177-2 (Fregene //et al.//, 1997). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Mapped (Soto //et al.//, 2017). === Molecular markers === Various defence related candidate genes (Soto //et al.//, 2017). === Brief description === Based on composite interval mapping analysis, five strain-specific QTLs for resistance to //Xpm// explaining between 15.8 and 22.1% of phenotypic variance were detected and localized on a high resolution SNP-based genetic map of cassava (Soto //et al.//, 2017). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //MeRAV1//, //MeRAV2// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava cultivar South China 124 (Wei //et al.//, 2018a). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Wei //et al.//, 2018a). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === Gene expression assays showed that the transcripts of //MeRAVs// were commonly regulated after //Xpm// challenge and MeRAVs were specifically located in plant cell nuclei. Through virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cassava, it was found that //MeRAV1// and //MeRAV2// are essential for plant disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight, as shown by the bacterial propagation of //Xpm// in plant leaves (Wei //et al.//, 2018a). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //MeHsf3// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava cultivar South China 124 (Wei //et al.//, 2018). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Wei //et al.//, 2018). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === Through transient expression in //Nicotiana benthamiana// leaves and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cassava, the essential role of //MeHsf3// in plant disease resistance was identified (Wei //et al.//, 2018). ---- ==== Resistance gene: //MeWRKY20//, //MeATG8// ==== === Synonyms === //NA// === Source === Cassava cultivar South China 124 (Yan //et al.//, 2017). === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === Sequenced (Yan //et al.//, 2017). === Molecular markers === //NA// === Brief description === Taken together, MeWRKY20 and MeATG8a/8f/8h are essential for disease resistance against bacterial blight by forming various transcriptional modules and interacting complex in cassava (Yan //et al.//, 2017; Zeng //et al.//, 2018). ---- ===== References ===== Cohn M, Bart RS, Shybut M, Dahlbeck D, Gomez M, Morbitzer R, Hou BH, Frommer WB, Lahaye T, Staskawicz BJ (2014). //Xanthomonas axonopodis// virulence is promoted by a transcription activator-like effector–mediated induction of a SWEET sugar transporter in cassava. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 27: 1186-1198. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0161-r|10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0161-r]] Cohn M, Morbitzer R, Lahaye T, Staskawicz J (2016). Comparison of gene activation by two TAL effectors from //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //manihotis// reveals candidate host susceptibility genes in cassava. Mol. Plant Pathol. 17: 875-889. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12337|10.1111/mpp.12337]] Díaz Tatis PA, Herrera Corzo M, Ochoa Cabezas JC, Medina Cipagauta A, Prías MA, Verdier V, Chavarriaga Aguirre P, López Carrascal CE (2018). The overexpression of //RXam1//, a cassava gene coding for an RLK, confers disease resistance to //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //manihotis//. Planta 247: 1031-1042. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2863-4|10.1007/s00425-018-2863-4]] Diaz-Tatis PA, Ochoa JC, Garcia L, Chavarriaga P, Bernal AJ, López CE (2019). Interfamily transfer of //Bs2// from pepper to cassava (//Manihot esculenta// Crantz). Tropical Plant Pathol. 44: 225-237. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-019-00279-y|10.1007/s40858-019-00279-y]] Fregene M, Angel F, Gómez R, Rodriguez F, Chavarriaga P, Roca W, Tohme J, Bonierbale M (1997). A molecular genetic map of cassava (//Manihot esculenta// Crantz). Theor. Appl. Genet. 95: 431-441. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220050580|10.1007/s001220050580]] Jorge V, Fregene MA, Duque MC, Bonierbale MW, Tohme J, Verdier V (2000). Genetic mapping of resistance to bacterial blight disease in cassava (//Manihot esculenta// Crantz). Theor. Appl. Genet. 101: 865-872. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051554|10.1007/s001220051554]] Li K, Xiong X, Zhu S, Liao H, Xiao X, Tang Z, Hong Y, Li C, Luo L, Zheng L, Niu X, Chen Y (2017a). MeBIK1, a novel cassava receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, regulates PTI response of transgenic //Arabidopsis//. Funct. Plant Biol. 45: 658-667. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1071/FP17192|10.1071/FP17192]] Li X, Fan S, Hu W, Liu G, Wei Y, He C, Shi H (2017b). Two cassava basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (MebZIP3 and MebZIP5) confer disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight. Front. Plant Sci. 8: 2110. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02110|10.3389/fpls.2017.02110]] Li X, Liu W, Li B, Liu G, Wei Y, He C, Shi H (2018). Identification and functional analysis of cassava DELLA proteins in plant disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 124: 70-76. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.022|10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.022]] Pereira LF, Goodwin PH, Erickson L (2003). Cloning of a peroxidase gene from cassava with potential as a molecular marker for resistance to bacterial blight. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 46: 149-154. DOI: [[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132003000200002|10.1590/S1516-89132003000200002]] Soto Sedano JC, Mora Moreno RE, Mathew B, Léon J, Gómez Cano FA, Ballvora A, López Carrascal CE (2017). Major novel QTL for resistance to cassava bacterial blight identified through a multi-environmental analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 8: 1169. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01169|10.3389/fpls.2017.01169]] Tai TH, Dahlbeck D, Clark ET, Gajiwala P, Pasion R, Whalen MC, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ (1999). Expression of the Bs2 pepper gene confers resistance to bacterial spot disease in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14153‐14158. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.24.14153|10.1073/pnas.96.24.14153]] Wei Y, Chang Y, Zeng H, Liu G, He C, Shi H (2018a). RAV transcription factors are essential for disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight via activation of melatonin biosynthesis genes. J. Pineal Res. 64: e12454. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12454|10.1111/jpi.12454]] Wei Y, Liu G, Chang Y (2018b). Heat shock transcription factor 3 regulates plant immune response through modulation of salicylic acid accumulation and signalling in cassava. Mol. Plant Pathol. 19: 2209-2220. DOI: [[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12691|10.1111/mpp.12691]] Yan Y, Wang P, He C, Shi H (2017). MeWRKY20 and its interacting and activating autophagy-related protein 8 (MeATG8) regulate plant disease resistance in cassava. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 494: 20-26. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.091|10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.091]] Zeng H, Xie Y, Liu G, Lin D, He C, Shi H (2018). Molecular identification of GAPDHs in cassava highlights the antagonism of MeGAPCs and MeATG8s in plant disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight. Plant Mol. Biol. 97: 201-214. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-018-0733-x|10.1007/s11103-018-0733-x]]