====== XopAK ======

Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vittoria_Catara|Vittoria Catara]]\\
Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralf_Koebnik|Ralf Koebnik]]\\
Expert reviewer: [[https://sessalab.wixsite.com/site|Guido Sessa]]

Class: XopAK\\
Family: XopAK\\
Prototype: XopAK (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria//, ex //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//; strain 85-10)\\
RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAJ25517.1|CAJ25517.1]] (485 aa)\\
3D structure: Unknown

===== Biological function =====

=== How discovered? ===

XopAK was discovered using a machine-learning approach (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===

XopAK, fused to the AvrBs2 reporter, was shown to translocate into plant cells in an //hrpF//-dependent manner (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== Regulation ===

Unknown.

=== Phenotypes ===

Disease severity, ion leakage, chlorophyll content of pepper plants inoculated with a mutant strain obtained by insertion mutagenesis of //xopAK// and //in planta// bacterial growth were not affected as compared to plants inoculated with the parent strain //X. euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (//Xcv//) 85-10 (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== Localization ===

Unknown.

=== Enzymatic function ===

XopAK has been predicted to be a deaminase (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== Interaction partners ===

Unknown.

===== Conservation =====

=== In xanthomonads ===

Yes (//e.g.//, //X. citri, X. euvesicatoria//, //X. oryzae, X. translucens//) (Barak //et al//., 2016; Teper //et al//., 2016)
=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===

Yes (//e.g.//, //Pseudomonas syringae// effector HopK1, //Ralstonia solanacearum// (Petnicki-Ocwieja //et al.//, 2002; He //et al.//, 2004; Li //et al//., 2014; Schechter //et al.//, 2004; Teper //et al//., 2016)
===== References =====

Barak JD, Vancheva T, Lefeuvre P, Jones JB, Timilsina S, Minsavage GV, Vallad GE, Koebnik R (2016). Whole-genome sequences of //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// strains clarify taxonomy and reveal a stepwise erosion of type 3 effectors. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1805. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01805|10.3389/fpls.2016.01805]]

He P, Chintamanani S, Chen Z, Zhu L, Kunkel BN, Alfano JR, Tang X, Zhou JM (2004). Activation of a COI1-dependent pathway in //Arabidopsis// by //Pseudomonas syringae// type III effectors and coronatine. Plant J. 37: 589-602. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2003.01986.x|10.1111/j.1365-313x.2003.01986.x]]

Li G, Froehlich JE, Elowsky C, Msanne J, Ostosh AC, Zhang C, Awada T, Alfano JR (2014). Distinct //Pseudomonas// type-III effectors use a cleavable transit peptide to target chloroplasts. Plant J. 77: 310-321. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12396|10.1111/tpj.12396]]

Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Schneider DJ, Tam VC, Chancey ST, Shan L, Jamir Y, Schechter LM, Janes MD, Buell CR, Tang X, Collmer A, Alfano JR (2002). Genomewide identification of proteins secreted by the Hrp type III protein secretion system of //Pseudomonas syringae// pv. //tomato// DC3000. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 7652-7657. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.112183899|10.1073/pnas.112183899]]

Schechter LM, Roberts KA, Jamir Y, Alfano JR, Collmer A (2004). //Pseudomonas// syringae type III secretion system targeting signals and novel effectors studied with a Cya translocation reporter. J. Bacteriol. 186: 543-555. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.2.543-555.2004|10.1128/jb.186.2.543-555.2004]]

Teper D, Burstein D, Salomon D, Gershovitz M, Pupko T, Sessa G (2016). Identification of novel //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// type III effector proteins by a machine‐learning approach. Mol. Plant Pathol. 17: 398-411. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12288|10.1111/mpp.12288]]

===== Biological function =====

=== How discovered? ===

XopAK was discovered using a machine-learning approach (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===

XopAK, fused to the AvrBs2 reporter, was shown to translocate into plant cells in an //hrpF//-dependent manner (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== Regulation ===

Unknown.

=== Phenotypes ===

Disease severity, ion leakage, chlorophyll content of pepper plants inoculated with a mutant strain obtained by insertion mutagenesis of //xopAK// and //in planta// bacterial growth were not affected as compared to plants inoculated with the parent strain //X. euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (//Xcv//) 85-10 (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== Localization ===

Unknown.

=== Enzymatic function ===

XopAK has been predicted to be a deamidase (Teper //et al//., 2016).
=== Interaction partners ===

Unknown.

===== Conservation =====

=== In xanthomonads ===

Yes (//e.g.//, //X. citri, X. euvesicatoria//, //X. oryzae, X. translucens//) (Barak //et al//., 2016; Teper //et al//., 2016)
=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===

Yes (//e.g.//, //Pseudomonas syringae// effector HopK1, //Ralstonia solanacearum// (Petnicki-Ocwieja //et al.//, 2002; He //et al.//, 2004; Li //et al//., 2014; Schechter //et al.//, 2004; Teper //et al//., 2016)
===== References =====

Barak JD, Vancheva T, Lefeuvre P, Jones JB, Timilsina S, Minsavage GV, Vallad GE, Koebnik R (2016). Whole-genome sequences of //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// strains clarify taxonomy and reveal a stepwise erosion of type 3 effectors. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1805. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01805|10.3389/fpls.2016.01805]]

He P, Chintamanani S, Chen Z, Zhu L, Kunkel BN, Alfano JR, Tang X, Zhou JM (2004). Activation of a COI1-dependent pathway in //Arabidopsis// by //Pseudomonas syringae// type III effectors and coronatine. Plant J. 37: 589-602. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2003.01986.x|10.1111/j.1365-313x.2003.01986.x]]

Li G, Froehlich JE, Elowsky C, Msanne J, Ostosh AC, Zhang C, Awada T, Alfano JR (2014). Distinct //Pseudomonas// type-III effectors use a cleavable transit peptide to target chloroplasts. Plant J. 77: 310-321. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12396|10.1111/tpj.12396]]

Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Schneider DJ, Tam VC, Chancey ST, Shan L, Jamir Y, Schechter LM, Janes MD, Buell CR, Tang X, Collmer A, Alfano JR (2002). Genomewide identification of proteins secreted by the Hrp type III protein secretion system of //Pseudomonas syringae// pv. //tomato// DC3000. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 7652-7657. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.112183899|10.1073/pnas.112183899]]

Schechter LM, Roberts KA, Jamir Y, Alfano JR, Collmer A (2004). //Pseudomonas// syringae type III secretion system targeting signals and novel effectors studied with a Cya translocation reporter. J. Bacteriol. 186: 543-555. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.2.543-555.2004|10.1128/jb.186.2.543-555.2004]]

Teper D, Burstein D, Salomon D, Gershovitz M, Pupko T, Sessa G (2016). Identification of novel //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// type III effector proteins by a machine‐learning approach. Mol. Plant Pathol. 17: 398-411. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12288|10.1111/mpp.12288]]