====== XopJ3 ======

Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Doron_Teper|Doron Teper]]\\
Internal reviewer:

Class: XopJ\\
Family: XopJ3\\
Prototype: AvrRxv/XCV0471 (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// 85-10)\\
RefSeq ID: [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAJ22102|CAJ22102]]\\
3D structure: Unknown

===== Biological function =====

=== How discovered? ===

AvrRxv/XopJ3 of //X. euvesicatoria //was identified to promote HR in non-host bean plants (Whalen et al. 1988).
=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===

Tn5 insertions in multiple hrp genes in //XcvT //75-3 eliminated AvrRxv/XopJ3-mediated HR in tomato line Hawaii 7998 (Ciesiolka et al. 1998). Disruption of the type III secretion system in //Xcv //race T3 abolished secretion of AvrRxv into culture media (Bonshtien et al. 2004).
=== Regulation ===

//avrRxv //is constitutively expressed in Xanthomonas tomato strain //XcvT //92-14 (Ciesiolka et al. 1998). The expression of avrRxv was similar in NYB and XVM2 and was not dependent on //hrpG //or //hrpX // (Ciesiolka et al 1998). //avrRxv //has a perfect PIP-box starting at bp 465 with the sequence TTCGC-N15-TTCGC (Ciesiolka et al 1998).
=== Phenotypes ===

AvrRxv induce hypersensitive response in tomato line Hawaii 7998 (Whalen et al. 1993)( Bonshtien et al. 2004), bean (Whalen et al. 1988) and //Nicotiana benthamiana// (Albers et al. 2019). Inactivation of //arvRxv // (//avrRxv//:: Ω ) in //XcvT //75-3 eliminated HR induction and promoted growth in tomato line Hawaii 7998 (Whalen et al. 1993). //Xcv //race T3 (//X. perforans//) introduced with //avrRxv //induced resistance response in tomato line Hawaii 7998 which was characterized by HR, reduced bacterial growth in planta and significant alteration in host transcriptional profile (Bonshtien et al. 2004).
=== Localization ===

AvrRxv is localized predominantly to the cytoplasm and is possibly associated with the plasma and nuclear membranes (Bonshtien et al. 2004).

=== Enzymatic function ===

AvrRxv/XopJ3 belongs to the group of YopJ-family effectors. YopJ-family effectors share a conserved catalytic triad that is identical to that of the C55 family of cysteine proteases (Ma and Ma, 2016). Mutations in the AvrRxv protease catalytic core impaired elicitation of HR and inhibition of bacterial growth in tomato line Hawaii 7998 (Bonshtien et al. 2004).

=== Interaction partners ===

AvrRxv interacts with tomato 14-3-3 protein (Whalen et al. 2008).

<font 18.0pt/inherit;;inherit;;inherit>**Conservation**</font>

=== In xanthomonads ===

YES (//X. euvesicatoria//, //X. hortorum// , //X. nasturtii//, //X. axonopodis//)
=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===

YES (//Pseudomonas syringae// spp. (HopZ-family), //Ralstonia solanacearum// (PopP1), //Acidovorax citrulli//, //Bradyrhizobium //sp., //Mesorhizobium //sp., //Sinorhizobium //sp.)
===== References =====

Bonshtien A, Lev A, Gibly A, Debbie P, Avni A, Sessa G (2005). Molecular properties of the //Xanthomonas// AvrRxv effector and global transcriptional changes determined by its expression in resistant tomato plants. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 18: 300-310. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-18-0300|10.1094/MPMI-18-0300]]

Ciesiolka LD, Hwin T, Gearlds JD, Minsavage GV, Saenz R, Bravo M, Handley V, Conover SM, Zhang H, Caporgno J, Phengrasamy NB, Toms AO, Stall RE, Whalen MC (1999). Regulation of expression of avirulence gene //avrRxv// and identification of a family of host interaction factors by sequence analysis of //avrBsT//. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 12: 35-44. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.1.35|10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.1.35]]

Whalen MC, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ (1988). Characterization of a gene from a tomato pathogen determining hypersensitive resistance in non-host species and genetic analysis of this resistance in bean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 6743-6747. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.18.6743|10.1073/pnas.85.18.6743]]

Whalen MC, Wang JF, Carland FM, Heiskell ME, Dahlbeck D, Minsavage GV, Jones JB, Scott JW, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ (1993). Avirulence gene //avrRxv// from //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// specifies resistance on tomato line Hawaii 7998. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 6: 616-627. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-6-616|10.1094/mpmi-6-616]]

Albers P, Üstün S, Witzel K, Kraner M, Börnke F (2019). A Remorin from //Nicotiana benthamiana// Interacts with the Pseudomonas Type-III Effector Protein HopZ1a and is Phosphorylated by the Immune-Related Kinase PBS1. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 32:1229-1242. DOI: [[https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/MPMI-04-19-0105-R?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub  0pubmed|10.1094/MPMI-04-19-0105-R]]

Ma KW, Ma W (2016). YopJ Family Effectors Promote Bacterial Infection through a Unique Acetyltransferase Activity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 80:1011-1027. DOI: [[https://mmbr.asm.org/content/80/4/1011.long|10.1128/MMBR.00032-16]]

Whalen M, Richter T, Zakhareyvich K, Yoshikawa M, Al-Azzeh D, Adefioye A, Spicer G, Mendoza LL, Morales CQ, Klassen V, Perez-Baron G, Toebe CS, Tzovolous A, Gerstman E, Evans E, Thompson C, Lopez M, Ronald PC (2008). Identification of a host 14-3-3 Protein that Interacts with //Xanthomonas //effector AvrRxv. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol.72:46-55. DOI: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142867/|10.1016/j.pmpp.2008.05.006]]