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--- bacteria:t3e:xopj1 [2020/07/03 09:40]
rkoebnik
+++ bacteria:t3e:xopj1 [2020/09/21 18:15] (current)
rkoebnik [XopJ1]
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jens_Boch|Jens Boch]]\\
-Internal reviewer: Joana Costa\\
+Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joana_Costa12|Joana Costa]]\\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
+Expert reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederik_Boernke|Frederik Börnke]]
 Class: XopJ\\
 Family: XopJ1\\
-Prototype: XopJ (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vescicatoria//; strain 85-10); Ordered Locus Name: XCV2156\\
+Prototype: XCV2156 (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria//, ex //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//; strain 85-10)\\
 RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAJ23833.1|CAJ23833]] (373aa)\\
 D structure: Unknown
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 === How discovered? ===
-XopJ was initially discovered as a HrpG-induced gene in a cDNA-AFLP screen in //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vescicatoria // (//Xcv//) and identified as a homolog to YopJ from //Yersinia pestis// (Noël //et al//., 2001). XopJ later studied in more detail (Noël //et al//., 2003).
+XopJ was initially discovered as a HrpG-induced gene in a cDNA-AFLP screen in //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vescicatoria // (//Xcv//) and identified as a homolog to YopJ from //Yersinia pestis// (Noël //et al//., 2001). XopJ was later studied in more detail (Noël //et al//., 2003).
 === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 === Phenotypes ===
-Although a frameshift mutation of //xopJ// did not affect pathogenicity or bacterial growth in plants in early experiments (Noël //et al//., 2003), later studies showed that a //xopJ// mutant is slightly impaired in growth in pepper in late stages of the infection (Üstun //et al//., 2013). XopJ also suppresses cell death reactions during //Xcv// infection of its susceptible host plant pepper. The activity of the proteasome is required for this cell death. XopJ further suppresses defence-related callose deposition and secretion of extracellular proteins (secGFP) from the plant cell (Bartetzko //et al//., 2009). The XopJ protein interacts with the proteasomal subunit Regulatory Particle AAA-ATPase6 (RPT6) from the 26S proteasome in yeast and in planta and recruits RPT6 to the plant plasma membrane which leads to inhibition of the proteasome activity. For this activity, the myristoylation sequence and the catalytic triad are required (Üstün //et al//., 2013). Furthermore, XopJ mediates degradation of RPT6, depending on the XopJ catalytic Cys residue indicating that XopJ directly degrades RPT6 (Üstun & Börnke, 2015). The inhibition of proteasome activity results in the inhibition of NPR1 turnover and subsequent salicylic acid-related immune responses (Üstün //et al//., 2013; Üstün & Börnke, 2015). The degradation of RPT6 is dependent on the Walker B motif (ATP hydrolysis) of RPT6 (Üstün & Börnke, 2015). Furthermore, the //Agrobacterium//-mediated expression of //xopJ// triggers a cell death reaction in //Nicotiana clevelandii.// Membrane localization of XopJ is required for this (Thieme //et al//., 2007). The //Agrobacterium//-mediated expression of //xopJ// in //Nicotiana benthamiana// can also trigger cell death, but only if salicylic acid is applied simultaneously (Üstün //et al//., 2015). This reaction was dependent on SGT1, NDR1, and NPR1, but EDS1-independent (Üstün //et al//., 2015). It is suggested that XopJ is recognized by a CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein in //N. benthamiana// (Üstun //et al//., 2015). It has been proposed that in essence, XopJ acts as a tolerance factor which attenuates the accumulation of salicylic acid in infected plant tissue to delay host tissue necrosis in a proteasome-dependent manner (Üstün //et al//., 2015; Üstün & Börnke, 2014).
+Although a frameshift mutation of //xopJ// did not affect pathogenicity or bacterial growth in plants in early experiments (Noël //et al//., 2003), later studies showed that a //xopJ// mutant is slightly impaired in growth in pepper in late stages of the infection (Üstun //et al//., 2013). XopJ also suppresses tissue necrosis during //Xcv// infection of its susceptible host plant pepper. XopJ further suppresses defence-related callose deposition and secretion of extracellular proteins (secGFP) from the plant cell (Bartetzko //et al//., 2009). The XopJ protein interacts with the proteasomal subunit Regulatory Particle AAA-ATPase6 (RPT6) from the 26S proteasome in yeast and in planta and recruits RPT6 to the plant plasma membrane which leads to inhibition of the proteasome activity. For this activity, the myristoylation sequence and the catalytic triad are required (Üstün //et al//., 2013). The ability of XopJ to inhibit the proteasome is directly related to its function in cell death suppression. The interaction of XopJ with RPT6 leads to degradation of the latter, which depends on the XopJ catalytic Cys residue indicating that XopJ acts as protease (Üstun & Börnke, 2015). The inhibition of proteasome activity results in the inhibition of NPR1 turnover and subsequent salicylic acid-related immune responses (Üstün //et al//., 2013; Üstün & Börnke, 2015). The degradation of RPT6 is dependent on the Walker B motif (ATP hydrolysis) of RPT6 (Üstün & Börnke, 2015). Furthermore, the //Agrobacterium//-mediated expression of //xopJ// triggers a cell death reaction in //Nicotiana clevelandii.// Membrane localization of XopJ is required for this (Thieme //et al//., 2007). The //Agrobacterium//-mediated expression of //xopJ// in //Nicotiana benthamiana// can also trigger cell death, but only if salicylic acid is applied simultaneously (Üstün //et al//., 2015). This reaction was dependent on SGT1, NDR1, and NPR1, but EDS1-independent (Üstün //et al//., 2015). It is suggested that XopJ is recognized by a CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein in //N. benthamiana// (Üstun //et al//., 2015). It has been proposed that in essence, XopJ acts as a tolerance factor which attenuates the accumulation of salicylic acid in infected plant tissue to delay host tissue necrosis in a proteasome-dependent manner (Üstün //et al//., 2015; Üstün & Börnke, 2014).
 === Localization ===
-Following type III translocation, XopJ localizes to the plant plasma membrane via N-terminal myristoylation by the host cell (Thieme //et al//., 2007; Bartetzko //et al//., 2009). A wildtype XopJ-GFP fusion (not a mutant in the catalytic triad) also localizes to vesicle-like structures that colocalize with Golgi-marker proteins.
+XopJ carries a predicted N-myristoylation motif on a glycine residue at position two of the polypeptide. Following type III translocation, XopJ localizes to the plant plasma membrane via N-terminal myristoylation by the host cell (Thieme //et al//., 2007; Bartetzko //et al//., 2009). Mutation of the glycine residue at postion two into alanine (G2A) renders the protein soluble. A wildtype XopJ-GFP fusion (not a mutant in the catalytic triad) also localizes to vesicle-like structures that colocalize with Golgi-marker proteins.
 === Enzymatic function ===
-XopJ belongs to the group of YopJ-family effectors and is a member of the YopJ/AvrRxv family of SUMO peptidases and acetyltransferases. These are characterized as C55 cysteine proteases, ubiquitin-like proteases (deSUMOylation), or acetyltransferases. Such enzymes share a characteristic catalytic triad consisting of the amino acids histidine, glutamic or aspartic acid, and cysteine. XopJ has Cys protease activity //in vitro// and //in vivo// (Üstün & Börnke, 2015).
+XopJ belongs to the group of YopJ-family effectors and is a member of the YopJ/AvrRxv family of SUMO peptidases and acetyltransferases. These are characterized as C55 cysteine proteases, ubiquitin-like proteases (deSUMOylation), or acetyltransferases. Such enzymes share a characteristic catalytic triad consisting of the amino acids histidine, glutamic or aspartic acid, and cysteine. XopJ has Cys protease activity //in vitro// and //in vivo//, but seems to lack acetyltransferase activity under standard assay conditions (Üstün & Börnke, 2015).
 === Interaction partners ===
-S RP subunit RPT6 (RP ATPase 6) of the 26S proteasome (Üstün & Börnke, 2015). The interaction is dependent on the Walker A motif (ATP binding) of RPT6.
+S RP subunit RPT6 (RP ATPase 6) of the 26S proteasome (Üstün & Börnke, 2015). The interaction is dependent on the Walker A motif (ATP binding) of RPT6. The interaction between the two proteins has been shown by yeast two-hybrid assays, //in vivo// and //in vitro// pull-down, as well as by bimolecular fluorescence assays //in planta// (Üstün et al., 2013).
 ===== Conservation =====

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