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Molecular Diagnosis and Diversity for Regulated Xanthomonas
Bacterial virulence factors
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Author: Jaroslav Michalko
Internal reviewer: Vito Montilon
Expert reviewer: 
No resistance genes identified in walnut to date (Frutos et al., 2010; Lamichane, 2014; Jiang et al., 2019). Existence of some important accessions of Walnut Juglans regia with some levels of resistance to X. arboricola pv. juglandis (Lamichhane, 2014). A polyphenol oxidase enzyme was however shown to be associated with tolerance to Brenneria rubifaciens, Brenneria nigrifluens, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) (Frutos et al., 2010; see entry below).
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Juglans regia.
Sequenced (GenBank ACN86310.1; Martínez‐García et al., 2016).
gene PCR primers (JrPPO1-F-cd and JrPPO1-R-cd; Martínez‐García et al., 2016).
Encodes a polyphenol oxidase enzyme (jrPPO) expressed in the leaves hulls and flowers of the host (Escobar et al., 2008).
No resistance genes identified in hazelnut to date (Lamichane & Varvaro, 2014; Frutos, 2010). Problems on selection of varieties resistant to Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina attacks (Avanzato et al., 2009). Presence of only hazelnut cultivars with a low susceptibility level to Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina (Prunier et al., 1976); some cultivars seem to be more tolerant than others, but no real resistance has been found (Frutos, 2010).
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Avanzato D, Vaccaro A, Bevilacqua D (2009). A short review of nut industry in EU. Acta Hort. 825: 41-48. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.825.3
Escobar MA, Shilling A, Higgins P, Uratsu SL, Dandekar AM (2008). Characterization of polyphenol oxidase from walnut. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133: 852-858. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.133.6.852
Frutos D (2010). Bacterial diseases of walnut and hazelnut and genetic resources. J. Plant Pathol. 92: S1.79-S1.85. DOI: 10.2307/41998759
Jiang S, Han S, He D, Cao G, Zhang F, Wan X (2019). Evaluating walnut (Juglans spp.) for resistance to walnut blight and comparisons between artificial inoculation assays and field studies. Australasian Plant Pathol. 48: 221-231. DOI: 10.1007/s13313-019-0621-0
Lamichhane JR (2014). Xanthomonas arboricola diseases of stone fruit, almond, and walnut trees: progress toward understanding and management. Plant Disease 98: 1600-1610. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-08-14-0831-FE
Lamichhane JR, Varvaro L (2014). Xanthomonas arboricola disease of hazelnut: current status and future perspectives for its management. Plant Pathol. 63: 243-254. DOI: 10.1111/ppa.12152.
Martínez-García PJ, Crepeau MW, Puiu D, Gonzalez-Ibeas D, Whalen J, Stevens KA, Paul R, Butterfield TS, Britton MT, Reagan RL, Chakraborty S, Walawage SL, Vasquez-Gross HA, Cardeno C, Famula RA, Pratt K, Kuruganti S, Aradhya MK, Leslie CA, Dandekar AM, Salzberg SL, Wegrzyn JL, Langley CH, Neale DB. (2016). The walnut (Juglans regia) genome sequence reveals diversity in genes coding for the biosynthesis of non‐structural polyphenols. Plant J. 87: 507-532. DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13207
Prunier JP, Luisetti J, Gardan L, Germain E, Sarraquin E (1976). La bactériose du noisetier (Xanthomonas corylina). Pépinièristes Horticulteurs Maraîchers 170: 31-40.
