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- | ====== AvrBs3 ====== | ||
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- | Author: [[https:// | ||
- | Internal reviewer: [[https:// | ||
- | Expert reviewer: FIXME | ||
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- | Class: AvrBs3\\ | ||
- | Family: Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) Effectors, TALEs (previously: | ||
- | Prototype: AvrBs3 (// | ||
- | RefSeq ID: [[https:// | ||
- | 3D structure: [[https:// | ||
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- | ===== Biological function ===== | ||
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- | === How discovered? === | ||
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- | The gene //avrBs3 //was cloned in 1989 and was the first gene described of the TAL effector (TALE) family (Minsavage //et al//., 1990). Different resistant and susceptible cultivars of peppers were inoculated with //Xcv// strains 71-21 and 82-8 (Bonas //et al//., 1989). The pepper cultivar ECW-30R carries the resistance gene //Bs3 //and inoculation of these //Xcv// strains provoked a hypersensitive response (HR) (Bonas //et al//., 1989). This indicated that both //Xcv// strains contained //avrBs3//. | ||
- | === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E === | ||
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- | AvrBs3 is secreted and translocated into the plant via the Hrp type III secretion system (Bonas //et al//., 1991; Van den Ackerveken //et al//., 1996; Bonas //et al//., 1999). In contrast to wild-type bacteria, an //Xcv// mutant carrying a deletion in the conserved //hrp// gene //hrcV// did not secrete AvrBs3 indicating that AvrBs3 is transported by the Hrp system (Rossier //et al//., 1999). The first 10 and 50 amino acids of AvrBs3 are required for secretion and translocation, | ||
- | === Regulation === | ||
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- | Unlike most other type III effectors, expression of //avrBs3// is not dependend on the hrp regulon and the gene does not contain a PIP box in its promoter region. It is expressed constitutively in cells grown in minimal or complex medium and in planta (Knoop //et al//., 1991). | ||
- | === Phenotypes === | ||
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- | AvrBs3, as well as other members of the TALE family, function as specific transcription factors in plant cells. These proteins bind to specific sequences in promoters and induce expression of downstream genes. The DNA-binding specificity is encoded in the order of individual 34-amino acid repeats which each recognize one DNA base. Different TALEs typically contain different repeats and accordingly bind to different DNA sequences and target different host genes. The contributions of individual TALEs to virulence can thus be quite diverse. | ||
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- | Expression analysis using gene promoter fusion and western blot analysis demonstrated that //avrBs3// was expressed and resulted in a 122 kDa protein (1164 aa) which was detectable using a specific polyclonal antibody (Bonas //et al//., 1989). The AvrBs3 effector protein elicits two different types of responses in resistant or susceptible plants. In susceptible pepper plants (Early Cal Wonder; ECW), hypertrophy (i.e. enlargement of mesophyll cells) is triggered by AvrBs3 (Bonas //et al//., 1989; Bonas //et al//., 1991; Marois //et al//., 2002). // | ||
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- | In resistant pepper plants, the promoter of //Bs3// contains a //UPA// box that is bound by AvrBs3 resulting in the transcription of the gene //Bs3//. //Bs3// encodes a protein that is homologous to flavine-dependent mono-oxygenases (Römer //et al//., 2007) and its expression causes rapid cell death thus preventing the spread of the pathogen (Bonas //et al//., 1989; Bonas //et al//., 1991). | ||
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- | The central region of the //avrBs3// gene consists of 17.5 nearly identical 102 bp repeats. Each repeat encodes 34 amino acids (Bonas //et al//., 1989). Repeat variable di-residues (RVDs) at positions 12 and 13 determine the specificity of each repeat (Boch //et al//., 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove, 2009). Rearranging individual repeats enables construction of any desired DNA-binding specificity (Boch //et al.//, 2009). | ||
- | === Localization === | ||
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- | The //avrBs3// gene is localized on pXV11, a self-transmissible plasmid, and was initially isolated from //Xcv// strain 71-21 (Bonas //et al//., 1989). Using complementation of //Xcv// strain 85-10 (virulent on pepper ECW-30R), a 5-kb fragment including //avrBs3// was discovered (Bonas //et al//., 1989). | ||
- | === Molecular function === | ||
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- | DNA-binding protein. Transcriptional activator. | ||
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- | === Interaction partners === | ||
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- | Importin alpha (Szurek //et al.//, 2001) interacts with the nuclear localization sequences of AvrBs3. The basal transcription factor IIA, gamma subunit from rice interacts with a region in the C-terminal domain of TALEs (Yuan //et al//., 2016) and similar interactions might be possible for AvrBs3, too. AvrBs3 and the TALE-family of effectors bind to DNA (Kay //et al//., 2007; Römer //et al//., 2007) with their N-terminal domain exhibiting general DNA-binding properties (Gao //et al.//, 2012) and the repeat region facilitating specific interaction to DNA bases (Boch //et al//., 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove, 2009). | ||
- | ===== Conservation ===== | ||
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- | === In xanthomonads === | ||
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- | Yes, in many pathovars, but not necesssarily all strains within a pathovar. | ||
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- | === In other plant pathogens/ | ||
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- | Yes: Genes homologous to //avrBs3// of // | ||
- | ===== References ===== | ||
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- | Boch J, Scholze H, Schornack S, Landgraf A, Hahn S, Kay S, Lahaye T, Nickstadt A, Bonas U (2009). Breaking the code of DNA binding specificity of TAL-type III effectors. Science 326: 1509-1512. DOI: [[http:// | ||
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- | Bonas U, Stall, RE, Staskawicz B (1989). Genetic and structural characterization of the avirulence gene //avrBs3// from // | ||
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- | Bonas U, Schulte R, Fenselau S, Minsavage GV, Staskawicz BJ, Stall RE (1991). Isolation of a gene cluster from // | ||
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- | Bonas U, Van den Ackerveken G (1999). Gene-for-gene interactions: | ||
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- | de Lange O, Schreiber T, Schandry N, Radeck J, Braun KH, Koszinowski J, Heuer H, Strauß A, Lahaye T (2013). Breaking the DNA-binding code of //Ralstonia solanacearum// | ||
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- | de Lange O, Wolf C, Dietze J, Elsaesser J, Morbitzer R, Lahaye T (2014). Programmable DNA-binding proteins from Burkholderia provide a fresh perspective on the TALE-like repeat domain. Nuc. Acids Res. 42: 7436-7449. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | de Lange O, Wolf C, Thiel P, Krüger J, Kleusch C, Kohlbacher O, Lahaye T (2015). DNA-binding proteins from marine bacteria expand the known sequence diversity of TALE-like repeats. Nuc. Acids Res. 43: 10065-10080. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Deng D, Yan C, Pan X, Mahfouz M, Wang J, Zhu JK, Shi Y, Yan N (2012a). Structural basis for sequence-specific recognition of DNA by TAL effectors. Science 335: 720-723. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Deng D, Yan C, Wu J, Pan X, Yan N (2014). Revisiting the TALE repeat. Protein Cell 5: 297-306. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Deng D, Yin P, Yan C, Pan X, Gong X, Qi S, Xie T, Mahfouz M, Zhu JK, Yan N, Shi Y (2012b). Recognition of methylated DNA by TAL effectors. Cell Res. 22: 1502-1504. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Gao H, Wu X, Chai J, Han Z (2012). Crystal structure of a TALE protein reveals an extended N-terminal DNA binding region. Cell Res. 22: 1716-1720. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Herbers K, Conrads-Strauch J, Bonas U (1992). Race-specificity of plant resistance to bacterial spot disease determined by repetitive motifs in a bacterial avirulence protein. Nature 356: 172-174. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Heuer H, Yin YN, Xue QY, Smalla K, Guo JH (2007). Repeat domain diversity of avrBs3-like genes in // | ||
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- | Hopkins CM, White FF, Choi SH, Guo A, Leach JE (1992). Identification of a family of avirulence genes from // | ||
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- | Kay S, Hahn S, Marois E, Hause G, Bonas U (2007). A bacterial effector acts as a plant transcription factor and induces a cell size regulator. Science 318: 648-651. DOI: [[http:// | ||
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- | Knoop V, Staskawicz B, Bonas U (1991). Expression of the avirulence gene //avrBs3// from // | ||
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- | Lackner G, Moebius N, Partida-Martinez LP, Boland S, Hertweck C (2011). Evolution of an endofungal lifestyle: Deductions from the // | ||
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- | Mak AN, Bradley P, Cernadas RA, Bogdanove AJ, Stoddard BL (2012). The crystal structure of TAL effector PthXo1 bound to its DNA target. Science 335: 716-719. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Marois E, Van den Ackerveken G, Bonas U (2002). The // | ||
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- | Minsavage GV, Dahlbeck D, Whalen MC, Kearney B, Bonas U, Staskawicz BJ, Stall, RE (1990). Gene-for-gene relationships specifying disease resistance in // | ||
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- | Moscou MJ, Bogdanove AJ (2009). A simple cipher governs DNA recognition by TAL effectors. Science 326: 1501. DOI: [[http:// | ||
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- | Murakami MT, Sforça ML, Neves JL, Paiva JH, Domingues MN, Pereira AL, Zeri AC, Benedetti CE (2010). The repeat domain of the type III effector protein PthA shows a TPR-like structure and undergoes conformational changes upon DNA interaction. Proteins 78: 3386-3395. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Römer P, Hahn S, Jordan T, Strauss T, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2007). Plant pathogen recognition mediated by promoter activation of the pepper Bs3 resistance gene. Science 318: 645-648. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Rossier O, Wengelnik K, Hahn K, Bonas U (1999). The // | ||
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- | Scheibner F, Marillonnet S, Büttner D (2017). The TAL effector AvrBs3 from // | ||
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- | Stella S, Molina R, Yefimenko I, Prieto J, Silva G, Bertonati C, Juillerat A, Duchateau P, Montoya G (2013). Structure of the AvrBs3–DNA complex provides new insights into the initial thymine-recognition mechanism. Acta Cryst. 69: 1707-1716. DOI: [[http:// | ||
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- | Szurek B, Marois E, Bonas U, Van den Ackerveken G (2001). Eukaryotic features of the // | ||
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- | Szurek B, Rossier O, Hause G, Bonas U (2002). Type III-dependent translocation of the // | ||
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- | Van den Ackerveken G, Marois E, Bonas U (1996). Recognition of the bacterial avirulence protein AvrBs3 occurs inside the host plant cell. Cell 87: 1307-1316. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Yin P, Deng D, Yan C, Pan X, Xi JJ, Yan N, Shi Y (2012). Specific DNA-RNA hybrid recognition by TAL effectors. Cell Rep. 2: 707-713. DOI: 1[[https:// | ||
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- | ===== Further reading ===== | ||
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- | Boch J, Bonas U (2010). // | ||
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- | Boch J, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2014). TAL effectors - pathogen strategies and plant resistance engineering. New Phytol. 204: 823-832. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Bogdanove AJ, Schornack S, Lahaye T (2010). TAL effectors: finding plant genes for disease and defense. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 13: 394-401. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Doyle EL, Stoddard BL, Voytas DF, Bogdanove AJ (2013). TAL effectors: highly adaptable phytobacterial virulence factors and readily engineered DNA-targeting proteins. Trends Cell Biol. 23: 390-398. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Hutin M, Pérez-Quintero AL, Lopez C, Szurek B (2015). MorTAL Kombat: the story of defense against TAL effectors through loss-of-susceptibility. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 535. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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- | Xue J, Lu Z, Liu W, Wang S, Lu D, Wang X, He X (2020). The genetic arms race between plant and // | ||
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- | Zhang J, Yin Z, White F (2015). TAL effectors and the executor //R// genes. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 641. DOI: [[https:// | ||