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-====== XopAG ======
-Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Verniere|Christian Vernière ]] & Trainees from the 2<sup>nd</sup>  EuroXanth Training School ([[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Songul_Erken|Songül Erken]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Damla_Ertimurtas|Damla Ertimurtaş]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jelena_Menkovic|Jelena Menković]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andjelka_Prokic|Andjelka Prokić]])\\
-Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tamas_Kovacs6|Tamás Kovács]]\\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
-Class: XopAG\\
-Family: XopAG\\
-Prototype: XopAG (//Xanthomonas citri //pv.// citri//; strain Xac‐A<sup>w</sup> )\\
-RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WP_080766906.1|WP_080766906]] (425 aa) (replacing [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WP_080633702.1|WP_080633702.1]])\\
-Synonym: AvrGf1\\
-D structure: Unknown
-===== Biological function =====
-=== How discovered? ===
-//Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri// (Xcc-A) causing citrus bacterial canker can infect most of the commercial citrus species and are worldwide distributed. Strains that were pathogenic on Key lime (//Citrus aurantifolia//), but that did not cause canker symptoms on grapefruit, were reported in Florida and designated as Xcc-AW. Three clones were selected from a genomic library of the 12879 strain of Xcc-Aw that caused rapid necrosis in grapefruit leaves, but not in tomato leaves when they were expressed in //X. perforans// (Rybak //et al//., 2009). A 1599-bp open reading frame (ORF) was found within the nucleotide sequence of DNA from a 2.3-kb subclone from pL799 that caused HR in grapefruit leaves. The complete sequence of the ORF, designated as //avrGf1// (Rybak //et al//., 2009). Genes //avrGf1// and //avrGf2// were found to share low sequence similarity at the nucleotide level, except for a small region in the last 200 nucleotides of the genes, which showed a high level of identity (68%) (Gochez //et al//., 2017). The alignment of translated proteins AvrGf1 (533 amino acids) and AvrGf2 (509 amino acids) determined that AvrGf2 had a low degree of sequence identity (45% amino acid identity) with the previously identified AvrGf1. The highest sequence similarities were observed between AvrGf1 and AvrGf2 in the C-terminal portions of the effector proteins (74.5% identity at the amino acid level over 51 amino acids) (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
-=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
-An active TTSS is necessary for HR produced by avrGf1 in grapefruit leaves, as it was proven by transconjugation experiments (Rybak //et al//., 2009).
-=== Regulation ===
-No data available. The effector gene //xopAG// was however shown to be induced in XVM2 medium compared to NB medium in X. citri subsp. citri A<sup>W</sup>  12879 strai, a variant strain restricted to Mexicanl lime (Jalan et al., 2013).
-=== Phenotypes ===
-All //xopAG//-containing strains of //X. citri// pv. //citri// induced the hypersensitive response (HR) on grapefruit (//Citrus paradisi//) and sweet orange (//C. sinensis//) but express canker symptoms on Key lime (Escalon //et al//., 2013). After infiltration of grapefruit leaves with inoculum adjusted to 5×108 cfu/mL, internal bacterial populations of Xcc-A (strain A 40) and Xcc-Aw (strain 12879) were similar through the second day, but populations of Xcc-A were significantly greater than those of Xcc-Aw after six days. The symptoms caused by the Xac-AwΔavrGf1 strain that was mutated on avrGf1 were more similar to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A strain than to those produced by the wild-type Xac-Aw strain (Rybak //et al//., 2009). So the whole pathogenicity was not restored.
-=== Localization ===
-AvrGf1 (Figueiredo //et al//., 2011) and AvrGf2 (Gochez //et al//., 2017) possess a N-terminal chloroplast localization signal. The signal is not shared by all members of the XopAG effector family (Gochez //et al//., 2017). Transient expression of the protein with the first 116 amino acids deleted in grapefruit leaves resulted in the elimination of the HR and a lack of accumulation of the protein in the chloroplast.
-=== Enzymatic function ===
- AvrGf2 elicited rapid cell death in grapfruit leaves (Gonchez //et al//., 2015), detailed enzymatic function has not been determined yet.
-=== Interaction partners ===
-The XopAG AvrGf2 effector contains a Cyp-binding site that is essential for the elicitation of HR in citrus (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
-===== Conservation =====
-=== In xanthomonads ===
-Yes (//e.g.//, //X. campestris//, //X. vasicola//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
-=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
-Yes (//e.g.//, //P. syringae.// pv. //phaseolicola// (HopG1), //P. syringae// pv. //tomato// (HopG1), //Ralstonia solanacearum//, //Acidovorax citrulli//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
-===== References =====
-Escalon A, Javegny S, Vernière C, Noël LD, Vital K, Poussier S, Hajri A, Boureau T, Pruvost O, Arlat M, Gagnevin L (2013). Variations in type III effector repertoires, pathological phenotypes and host range of //Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri// pathotypes. Mol. Plant Pathol. 14: 483-496. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12019|10.1111/mpp.12019]]
-Figueiredo JF, Romer P, Lahaye T, Graham JH, White FF, Jones JB (2011). //Agrobacterium//-mediated transient expression in citrus leaves: a rapid tool for gene expression and functional gene assay. Plant Cell Rep. 30: 1339-1345. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-011-1045-7|10.1007/s00299-011-1045-7]]
-<font 10.5pt/inherit;;#1c1d1e;;white>Gochez, A.M., Minsavage, G.V., Potnis, N., Canteros, B.I., Stall, R.E. and Jones, J.B. (2015), A functional XopAG homologue in  CKGE_TMP_i Xanthomonas fuscans  CKGE_TMP_i pv.  CKGE_TMP_i aurantifolii  CKGE_TMP_i strain C limits host range. Plant Pathol, 64: 1207-1214. DOI:</font>  [[https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12361|10.1111/ppa.12361]]
-Gochez AM, Shantharaj D, Potnis N, Zhou X, Minsavage GV, White FF, Wang N, Hurlbert JC, Jones JB (2017). Molecular characterization of XopAG effector AvrGf2 from //Xanthomonas fuscans// ssp. //aurantifolii// in grapefruit. Mol. Plant Pathol. 18: 405-419. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12408|10.1111/mpp.12408]]
-Jalan N, Kumar D, Andrade MO, Yu F, Jones JB, Graham JH, White FF, Setubal JC, Wang N (2013). Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses of pathotypes of //Xanthomonas citri //subsp. //citri// provide insights into mechanisms of bacterial virulence and host range. BMC Genomics 14: 551. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-551|10.1186/1471-2164-14-551]] FIXME  Information needs to be added to the profile!
-Rybak M, Minsavage GV, Stall RE, Jones JB (2009). Identification of //Xanthomonas citri// ssp. //citri// host specificity genes in a heterologous expression host. Mol. Plant Pathol. 10: 249-262. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00528.x|10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00528.x]]

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