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-====== XopP ======
-Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Claude_Bragard|Claude Bragard]]\\
-Internal reviewer: Harrold van den Burg\\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
-Class: XopP\\
-Family: XopP\\
-Prototype: XopP (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vescicatoria//; strain 85-10)\\
-RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AY756270.1|AY756270.1]] (685 aa)\\
-D structure: Unknown
-===== Biological function =====
-=== How discovered? ===
-XopP was identified in a genetic screen, using a Tn//5//-based transposon construct harboring the coding sequence for the HR-inducing domain of AvrBs2, but devoid of the effectors' T3SS signal, that was randomly inserted into the genome of //Xcv //strain 85-10. The XopP::AvrBs2 fusion protein triggered a //Bs2//-dependent hypersensitive response (HR) in pepper leaves (Roden //et al//., 2004). XopP was also identified in //X. campestris// pv. //campestris// (//Xcc//) strain 8004 as a candidate T3E due to the presence of a plant-inducible promoter (PIP) box in its gene, XC_2994 (Jiang //et al.//, 2009).
-=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
-Type III-dependent secretion was confirmed using a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase reporter assay, with a Δ//hrpF// mutant strain serving as negative control (Roden et al., 2004). Using an AvrBs1 reporter fusion, XopP<sub>Xcc8004</sub> was shown to be translated into plant cells in a //hrpF//- and //hpaB//-dependent manner (Jiang //et al.//, 2009).
-=== Regulation ===
-//xopP// homologs were shown to contain the PIP box in their promoter region.
-qRT-PCR revealed that transcript levels of 15 out of 18 tested non-TAL effector genes (as well as the regulatory genes //hrpG// and //hrpX//), including //xopP//, were significantly reduced in the //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// Δ//xrvC// mutant compared with those in the wild-type strain PXO99<sup>A</sup>  (Liu //et al.//, 2016).
-=== Phenotypes ===
-Roden //et al.// did not find significant growth defects of a //Xcv// Δ//xopP// mutant in susceptible pepper and tomato leaves (Roden et al., 2004).
-XopP<sub>Xoo</sub> is able to suppress rice pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-immunity and resistance to //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae//. Although XopP<sub>Xoo</sub> is classified within the XopP, it shows only 40% sequence identity with the XopP homologue of //X. campestris// pv. //campestris// (Furutani //et al//., 2009). Therefore, it remains unclear if such interaction is similar in different pathosystems where XopP has been found.
-=== Localization ===
-XopP<sub>Xoo</sub> co-localizes with OsPUB44 in the cytoplasm (Ishikawa //et al//., 2014).
-=== Enzymatic function ===
-Unknown.
-=== Interaction partners ===
-XopP<sub>Xoo</sub> interacts with the U-box domain of a rice ubiquitin E3 ligase, OsPUB44 and inhibits its activity (Ishikawa //et al//., 2014).
-===== Conservation =====
-=== In xanthomonads ===
-Yes (//e.g.//, //X. campestris//, //X. citri//, //X. euvesicatoria//, //X. oryzae//, //X. translucens//). Since the G+C content of the //xopP// gene is similar to that of the //Xcv// //hrp// gene cluster, it may be a member of a “core” group of //Xanthomonas// spp. effectors (Roden et al., 2004).
-=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
-Yes (//e.g.//, //Ralstonia solanacearum//) (Roden //et al//., 2004).
-===== References =====
-Furutani A, Takaoka M, Sanada H, Noguchi Y, Oku T, Tsuno K, Ochiai H, Tsuge S (2009). Identification of novel type III secretion effectors in //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae//. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 22: 96-106. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-22-1-0096|10.1094/MPMI-22-1-0096]]
-Ishikawa K, Yamaguchi K, Sakamoto K, Yoshimura S, Inoue K, Tsuge S, Kojima C, Kawasaki T (2014). Bacterial effector modulation of host E3 ligase activity suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity in rice. Nat. Commun. 5: 5430. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6430|10.1038/ncomms6430]]
-Liu Y, Long J, Shen D, Song C (2016). //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// requires H-NS-family protein XrvC to regulate virulence during rice infection. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 363: fnw067. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw067|10.1093/femsle/fnw067]]
-Roden JA, Belt B, Ross JB, Tachibana T, Vargas J, Mudgett MB (2004). A genetic screen to isolate type III effectors translocated into pepper cells during //Xanthomonas// infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 16624-16629. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407383101|10.1073/pnas.0407383101]]

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