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--- bacteria:t3e:xopx [2020/07/02 17:32]
rkoebnik [Conservation]
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-====== XopX ======
-Author: Lucas Morinière\\
-Internal reviewer: FIXME\\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
-Class: XopX\\
-Family: XopX\\
-Prototype: XopX (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria//, formerly //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//; strain 85-10)\\
-RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WP_011346212.1|WP_011346212.1]] (699 aa)\\
-D structure: Unknown
-===== Biological function =====
-=== How discovered? ===
-XopX was discovered through the screening of a genomic cosmid library of //X. euvesicatoria// strain GM98-38 conjugated in //X. campestris// pv. //campestris// followed by inoculation in tobacco plants (//Nicotiana benthamiana//) (Metz //et al//., 2005).
-=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
-Translational fusions of XopX with the calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase domain of //Bordetella pertussis// (Cya) were exchanged by simple homologous recombination into the genomic copy of //xopX// of //X. euvesicatoria// strains 85* (constitutive //hrp// expression mutant), 85* Δ//hrcV// (T3SS-defective mutant) and wild-type GM98-38. All Cya fusion strains except 85* Δ//hrcV// still induced cell death response activity in //N. benthamiana//. Moreover, leaf extracts of //N. benthamiana// inoculated with these fusion strains were assayed for cAMP, and only strains with a functional T3SS showed an increase in cAMP levels due to translocation of the Cya reporter protein into the plant (Metz //et al//., 2005).
-=== Regulation ===
-qRT-PCR revealed that transcript levels of 15 out of 18 tested non-TAL effector genes (as well as the regulatory genes //hrpG// and //hrpX//), including //xopX//, were significantly reduced in the //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// Δ//xrvC// mutant compared with those in the wild-type strain PXO99<sup>A</sup>  (Liu //et al.//, 2016).
-=== Phenotypes ===
-XopX was demonstrated to be cytotoxic when expressed in yeast, suggesting it may target a conserved eukaryotic cell process required for cell viability (Salomon //et al//., 2011).
-During infection of rice (//Oryzae sativa//) with //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzae//, XopX was shown to be an inhibitor of rice innate immune response, as it suppresses LipA-induced callose deposition (Sinha //et al//., 2013).
-XopX is required for the development of //X. euvesicatoria//-induced symptoms in the bacterial spot disease of tomato (//Solanum lycopersicum//) and pepper (//Capsicum annuum//). Indeed, it promotes ethylene production, and therefore chlorosis and plant cell death during infection by //X. euvesicatoria// of susceptible tomato and in transient expression assays in tobacco. Interestingly, it also suppresses flagellin-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while promoting the accumulation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) gene transcripts (Stork //et al//., 2015).
-Eventually, the complex behavior of XopX //in planta//, which combines activation and suppression of immunity-related plant responses at the same time, allows to classify this effector with the T3Es that activates the plant ‘default to death and defense’ response (Lindeberg //et al//., 2012; Stork //et al//., 2015).
-A ∆//xopK// mutant strain of //Xanthomonas phaseoli// pv. //manihotis// (aka //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //manihotis//) showed reduced growth in planta and delayed spread through the vasculature system of cassava (Mutka //et al.//, 2016).
-=== Localization ===
-Unknown.
-=== Enzymatic function ===
-Unknown.
-=== Interaction partners ===
-It has been suggested that XopX-triggering of plant cell death response was dependent of another cofactor delivered by the T3SS, yet still unknown (Metz //et al//., 2005).
-===== Conservation =====
-=== In xanthomonads ===
-Yes, //xopX// homologs can be found in almost every sequenced //Xanthomonas// spp. strain, except //X. albilineans// and //X. sacchari//, making it an ancient //Xanthomonas// core T3E (Stork //et al//., 2015).
-=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
-Related proteins (query cover > 80% and percent identity > 50 %) can be detected in several unclassified //Burkholderiales// (//Xylophilus ampelinus//, //Rivibacter// sp., //Rhizobacter// sp., //Mitsuaria //sp.) and in the //Comamonadaceae// (//Hydrogenophaga taeniospiralis//).
-===== References =====
-Lindeberg M, Cunnac S, Collmer A (2012). //Pseudomonas// //syringae// type III effector repertoires: last words in endless arguments. Trends Microbiol. 20: 199-208. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.003|10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.003]]
-Liu Y, Long J, Shen D, Song C (2016). //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// requires H-NS-family protein XrvC to regulate virulence during rice infection. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 363: fnw067. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw067|10.1093/femsle/fnw067]]
-Metz M, Dahlbeck D, Morales CQ, Sady BA, Clark ET, Staskawicz BJ (2005). The conserved //Xanthomonas// //campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// effector protein XopX is a virulence factor and suppresses host defense in //Nicotiana// //benthamiana//: XopX effector protein suppresses plant host defense. Plant J. 41: 801-814. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02338.x|10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02338.x]]
-Mutka AM, Fentress SJ, Sher JW, Berry JC, Pretz C, Nusinow DA, Bart R (2016). Quantitative, image-based phenotyping methods provide insight into spatial and temporal dimensions of plant disease. Plant Physiol. 172: 650-660. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00984|10.1104/pp.16.00984]]
-Salomon D, Dar D, Sreeramulu S, Sessa G (2011). Expression of //Xanthomonas// //campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// type III effectors in yeast affects cell growth and viability. Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact. 24: 305-314. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-10-0196|10.1094/MPMI-09-10-0196]]
-Sinha D, Gupta MK, Patel HK, Ranjan A, Sonti RV (2013). Cell wall degrading enzyme induced rice innate immune responses are suppressed by the type 3 secretion system effectors XopN, XopQ, XopX and XopZ of //Xanthomonas// //oryzae// pv. //oryzae//. PLoS One 8: e75867. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075867|10.1371/journal.pone.0075867]]
-Stork W, Kim JG, Mudgett MB (2015). Functional analysis of plant defense suppression and activation by the //Xanthomonas// core type III effector XopX. Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact. 28: 180-194. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-14-0263-R|10.1094/MPMI-09-14-0263-R]]

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