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-====== Pepper (//Capsicum annuum//) ======
-Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dorota_Tekielska|Dorota Tekielska]]\\
-Internal reviewer: [[https://www.genetik.uni-hannover.de/boch.html|Jens Boch]]\\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
-===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// =====
-==== Resistance gene: //Bs1// ====
-=== Synonyms ===
-//NA//
-=== Source ===
-//Capsicum annuum// PI163192 (Cook & Guevara, 1984).
-=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
-Identified.
-=== Molecular markers ===
-//NA//
-=== Brief description ===
-Bs1 is a dominant resistance which results in a fast hypersensitive response reaction upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBs1 from //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria. //The resistance is rapidly overcome in the field by mutation of //avrBs1// in the bacteria.
-----
-==== Resistance gene: //Bs2// ====
-=== Synonyms ===
-//NA//
-=== Source ===
-//Capsicum chacoense// (Cook & Stall, 1963).
-=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
-Bs2 was the first cloned resistance gene in pepper (Tai //et al.//, 1999).
-=== Molecular markers ===
-Markers for breeding of Bs2 in pepper have been established (Truong //et al//., 2011).
-=== Brief description ===
-//Bs2// is a dominant resistance which causes a hypersensitive response upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBs2 from //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria. //The //Bs2// gene encodes an NB-LRR type of resistance protein (REF).
-----
-==== Resistance gene: //Bs3// ====
-=== Synonyms ===
-//NA//
-=== Source ===
-//Capsicum annuum// PI271322 (Kim & Hartmann, 1985).
-=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
-cloned and sequenced (Roemer //et al//., 2007)
-=== Molecular markers ===
-//NA//
-=== Brief description ===
-//Bs3// is a dominant resistance gene and not expressed during normal life of the plant. The TAL effector AvrBs3 from //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// binds to the promoter of //Bs3// and causes expression which results in programmed cell death (Roemer //et al//., 2007). //Bs3// encodes an unusual flavin monooxygenase, but it is unknown whether the Bs3 protein has any enzymatic activity. The //bs3// variant has a deletion in the promoter which prohibits binding of AvrBs3 (Roemer //et al//., 2007). Instead, //bs3// is triggered by binding of AvrBs3-2, a variant of AvrBS3 with deletions of repeats that cause it to recognize the modified sequence in the promoter of //bs3 // (Roemer //et al//., 2007).
-----
-==== Resistance gene: //Bs4// ====
-=== Synonyms ===
-//NA//
-=== Source ===
-//Capsicum annuum// PI235047 (Stall //et al//., 2009).
-=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
-Cloned and sequenced.
-=== Molecular markers ===
-//NA//
-=== Brief description ===
-Bs4 was mapped (Ballvora //et al//., 2001) and cloned (Schornack //et al//., 2004). It is a dominant resistance gene that recognizes the TAL effector AvrBs4 from //Xanthomonas campestris //pv.// vesicatoria//. //Bs4// encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein (Schornack //et al//., XXXX). It is the first example of a resistances detecting TALEs that is not based on an executor gene, but appears to directly detect the AvrBs4 protein, severely truncated variants of Bs4, as well as high levels of AvrBs3, likely by binding (Schornack //et al//., 2004).
-----
-==== Resistance gene: //bs5// ====
-=== Synonyms ===
-//NA//
-=== Source ===
-//Capsicum annuum// ECW12346 (Jones //et al//., 2002; Vallejos //et al//., 2010).
-=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
-Identified, mapped
-=== Molecular markers ===
-//NA//
-=== Brief description ===
-//bs5// is a recessive resistance which has been mapped within the genome of.
-----
-==== Resistance gene: //bs6// ====
-=== Synonyms ===
-//NA//
-=== Source ===
-//Capsicum annuum// ECW12346 (Jones //et al//., 2002; Vallejos //et al//., 2010).
-=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
-Identified, mapped
-=== Molecular markers ===
-//NA//
-=== Brief description ===
-//bs6// is a recessive resistance
-----
-===== Pathogen: //X. gardneri// =====
-==== Resistance gene: //Bs7// ====
-=== Synonyms ===
-//NA//
-=== Source ===
-//Capsicum baccatum// var. //pendulum// (Potnis //et al//., 2012).
-=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
-Identified.
-=== Molecular markers ===
-//NA//
-=== Brief description ===
-Bs7 is a dominant resistance gene.
-----
-===== References =====
-Ballvora A, Pierre M, van den Ackerveken G, Schornack S, Rossier O, Ganal M, Lahaye T, Bonas U (2001). Genetic mapping and functional analysis of the tomato Bs4 locus governing recognition of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria AvrBs4 protein. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14: 629-638. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.5.629.
-Cook AA, Stall RE (1963). Inheritance of resistance in pepper to bacterial spot. Phytopathology 53: 1060-1062.
-Jones JB, Minsavage GV, Roberts PD, Johnson RR, Kousik CS, Subramanian S, Stall RE (2002). A non-hypersensitive resistance in pepper to the bacterial spot pathogen is associated with two recessive genes. Phytopathology 92: 273-277. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.3.273|10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.3.273]]
-Kim BS, Hartmann RW (1985). Inheritance of a gene (//Bs3//) conferring hypersensitive resistance to //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// in pepper (//Capsicum annuum//). Plant Dis. 69: 233-235.
-Potnis N, Minsavage G, Smith JK, Hurlbert JC, Norman D, Rodrigues R, Stall RE, Jones JB (2012). Avirulence proteins AvrBs7 from //Xanthomonas gardneri// and AvrBs1. 1 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// contribute to a novel gene-for-gene interaction in pepper. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 25: 307-320. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-08-11-0205|10.1094/MPMI-08-11-0205]]
-Schornack S, Ballvora A, Gürlebeck D, Peart J, Ganal M, Baker B, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2004). The tomato resistance protein Bs4 is a predicted non-nuclear TIR-NB-LRR protein that mediates defense responses to severely truncated derivatives of AvrBs4 and overexpressed AvrBs3. Plant J. 37: 46-60. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01937.x
-Schornack S, Peter K, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2005). Expression levels of avrBs3-like genes affect recognition specificity in tomato Bs4- but not in pepper Bs3-mediated perception. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 18: 1215-1225. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-18-1215.
-Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV (2009). Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 47: 265-284. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752|10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752]]
-Tai TH, Dahlbeck D, Clark ET, Gajiwala P, Pasion R, Whalen MC, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ (1999). Expression of the //Bs2// pepper gene confers resistance to bacterial spot disease in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14153-14158. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.24.14153|10.1073/pnas.96.24.14153]]
-Truong HTH, Kim K-T, Kim S, Cho M-C, Kim H-R, Woo J-G (2011) Development of gene-based markers for the Bs2 bacterial spot resistance gene for marker-assisted selection in pepper (Capsicum spp.). Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 52: 65-73. DOI: 10.1007/s13580-011-0142-4.
-Vallejos CE, Jones V, Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV, Schultz DC, Rodrigues R, Olsen LE, Mazourek M (2010). Characterization of two recessive genes controlling resistance to all races of bacterial spot in peppers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 121: 37-46. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1289-6|10.1007/s00122-010-1289-6]]
-----
-===== Further reading =====
-Choi HW, Hwang BK (2015). Molecular and cellular control of cell death and defense signaling in pepper. Planta 241: 1-27. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2171-6|10.1007/s00425-014-2171-6]]
-Hibberd AM, Gillespie D (1982). Heritability of field resistance to bacterial leaf spot disease in pepper (//Capsicum annuum// L.). Scientia Hortic. 17: 301-309. DOI: [[https://10.1016/0304-4238(82)90110-8|https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(82)90110-8]]
-Hong JK, Hwang IS, Hwang BK (2017). Functional roles of the pepper leucine-rich repeat protein and its interactions with pathogenesis-related and hypersensitive-induced proteins in plant cell death and immunity. Planta 246: 351-364. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2709-5|10.1007/s00425-017-2709-5]]
-Leister RT, Dahlbeck D, Day B, Li Y, Chesnokova O, Staskawicz BJ (2005). Molecular genetic evidence for the role of SGT1 in the intramolecular complementation of Bs2 protein activity in //Nicotiana benthamiana//. Plant Cell 17: 1268-1278. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.104.029637|10.1105/tpc.104.029637]]
-Park CJ, Shin R, Park JM, Lee GJ, You JS, Paek KH (2002). Induction of pepper cDNA encoding a lipid transfer protein during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 243-254. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013383329361|10.1023/a:1013383329361]]
-Riva EM, Rodrigues R, Pereira MG, Sudré CP, Karasawa M (2004). Inheritance of bacterial spot disease in //Capsicum annuum// L. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 4: 490-494. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a18|10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a18]]
-Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Bento CS, de Pina Matta F (2009). Genetic parameters and selection for resistance to bacterial spot in recombinant F<sub>6</sub> lines of //Capsicum annuum//. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 9: 108-115. PDF: [[http://www.sbmp.org.br/cbab/siscbab/uploads/c8129491-83fe-7669.pdf|www.sbmp.org.br/cbab/siscbab/uploads/c8129491-83fe-7669.pdf]]
-Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Viana AP, do Amaral jr. AT (2007). Obtaining pepper F<sub>2:3</sub> lines with resistance to the bacterial spot using the pedigree method. Horticultura Brasileira 25: 567-571. PDF: [[https://www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf|www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf]]
-Romero AM, Kousik CS, Ritchie DF (2002). Temperature sensitivity of the hypersensitive response of bell pepper to //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //vesicatoria//. Phytopathology 92: 197-203. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197|10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197]]
-Silva LRA, Rodrigues R, Pimenta S, Correa JWS, Araújo MSB, Bento CS, Sudré CP (2017). Inheritance of bacterial spot resistance in //Capsicum annuum// var. //annuum//. Genet. Mol. Res. 16: gmr16029631. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029631|10.4238/gmr16029631]]

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