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-====== XopAP ======
-Author: Saul Burdman\\
-Internal reviewer: FIXME\\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
-Class: XopAP\\
-Family: XopAP\\
-Prototype: XopAP (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vescicatoria//; strain 85-10)\\
-RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAJ24869.1|CAJ24869.1]] (464 aa)\\
-D structure: Unknown
-===== Biological function =====
-=== How discovered? ===
-XopAP (XCV3138 in //X. euvesicatoria// 85-10; GenBank AM039952.1) was discovered using a machine-learning approach (Teper //et al//., 2016).
-=== (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
-XopAP fused to the AvrBs2 reporter, was shown to translocate into plant cells in an //hrpF//-dependent manner (Teper //et al//., 2016).
-=== Regulation ===
-Unknown. In //X. euvesicatoria// 85-10, the //xopAP// gene does not contain a PIP-box motif in its promoter region (Teper //et al//., 2016).
-=== Phenotypes ===
-A //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// 85-10 mutant defective in //xopAP// was compromised in induction of disease symptoms in leaves of susceptible pepper plants, relative to wild-type 85-10. This phenotype was associated with reduced ion leakage and higher chlorophyll content as compared with leaves inoculated with wild-type 85-10. No differences were observed between the //xopAP// mutant and wild-type 85-10 in their ability to colonize the leaves of susceptible pepper plants(Teper //et al//., 2016). //Agrobacterium//-mediated expression of XopAP in //Nicotiana benthamiana// caused a bleaching phenotype that was detected 3 days after agroinfiltration, and was reflected by reduced chlorophyll content. However, in these experiments, XopAP did not induce significant increase in ion leakage in the inoculated area (Teper //et al//., 2016). Results from this study indicate that XopAP acts as a virulence determinant in //X. euvesicatoria//, and contributes to the development of disease symptoms. A further study by Popov and colleagues revealed that XopAP was among the //X. euvesicatoria// 85-10 effectors that inhibited PAMP-triggered immunity, as assessed by inhibition of activation of a flg22-inducible reporter gene in //Arabidopsis// protoplasts (Popov //et al//., 2018). Expression of XopAP in an attenuated mutant of //Pseudomonas syringae// pv. //tomato// (DC3000 ΔCEL) increased its virulence on tomato. Also, the DC3000 ΔCEL strain carrying //xopAP// induced decreased callose deposition in //Arabidopsis// cell walls than the DC3000 ΔCEL strain (Popov //et al//., 2018).
-XopAP shares similarity with the //Ralstonia solanacearum// type III effector RipAL and both effectors possess a putative lipase domain (Peeters //et al//., 2013; Teper //et al//., 2016). //R. solanacearum// RipAL was shown to suppress salicylic acid-mediated defense responses and induce jasmonic acid production in //N. benthamiana// (Nakano & Mukaihara, 2018). Mutations in the putative catalytic residues within the lipase-like domain of RipAL abolished these activities (Nakano & Mukaihara, 2018).
-=== Localization ===
-Unknown. Subcellular localization analyses of the //R. solanacearum// homolog, RipAL, suggested that RipAL localizes to chloroplasts and targets chloroplast lipids in plant cells (Nakano & Mukaihara, 2018).
-=== Enzymatic function ===
-Unknown. XopAL contains a putative lipase domain (lipase class 3 family domain; conserved protein domain family PLN03037) in amino acid positions 236-322 (Teper //et al//., 2016).
-=== Interaction partners ===
-Unknown.
-===== Conservation =====
-=== In xanthomonads ===
-Yes (//e.g.,// //X. campestris//, X//. axonopodis//, //X. perforans//, X//. citri, X. alfalfae//, //X. prunicola//, //X. phaseoli//, //X. hortorum//, //X. arboricola//, //X. translucens//, //X. oryzae//, //X. hyacinthi//)\\
-=== In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
-Yes (//Ralstonia solanacearum,// plant-pathogenic //Acidovorax// species, //Brenneria rubrifaciens//, //Robbsia andropogonis//)
-===== References =====
-Nakano M, Mukaihara T (2018). //Ralstonia solanacearum// type III effector RipAL targets chloroplasts and induces jasmonic acid production to suppress salicylic acid-mediated responses in plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 59(12):2576-2589. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcy177|10.1093/pcp/pcy177]].
-Peeters N, Carrere S, Anisimova M, Plener L, Cazale AC, Genin S (2013). Repertoire, unified nomenclature and evolution of the type III effector gene set in the //Ralstonia solanacearum// species complex. BMC Genom. 14: 859. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-859|10.1186/1471-2164-14-859]].
-Popov G, Fraiture M, Brunner F, Sessa G (2018). Multiple //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// type III effectors inhibit flg22-triggered immunity. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 29(8):651-660. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-07-16-0137-R|10.1094/MPMI-07-16-0137-R]]
-Teper D, Burstein D, Salomon D, Gershovitz M, Pupko T, Sessa G (2016). Identification of novel //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// type III effector proteins by a machine-learning approach. Mol. Plant Pathol. 17(3): 398-411. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12288|10.1111/mpp.12288]]

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