====== Poplar (//Populus// spp.) ======
Author: Noemi Casarin\\
Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pavel_Beran2|Pavel Beran]]\\
Expert reviewer: FIXME
===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas populi// pv. //populi// =====
==== Resistance synthetic gene: //D4E1// ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
Transgenic hybrid poplar //Populus tremula// L. x //Populus alba// L., line Tr23 (Mentag //et al.//, 2003).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Cloned in the plasmid pBI-d35S-D4E1-nos (Cary //et al.//, 2000) and in the plasmid ubi7-D4E1 (Mentag //et al.//, 2003).
=== Molecular markers ===
* PCR analysis of genomic DNA with specific primers to verify that the ubi7-D4E1-nos expression cassette is present in the plant genome of transgenic poplar clones (Mentag //et al.//, 2003);
* Expression of //D4E1// tested by RT-PCR and RNA dot-blot analysis (Mentag //et al.//, 2003).
=== Brief description ===
A synthetic gene coding for D4E1 (Cary //et al.//, 2000), which is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide consisting of 17 amino acid residues (Demeter BioTechnologies, Ltd.) (De Lucca //et al.//, 1998). Mentag //et al.// (2003) observed reduced symptoms on one D4E1-transgenic poplar line (Tr23) in response to //X. populi// pv. //populi// two months after its inoculation compared with control plants (Figure 1). These reduced symptoms correlated with the presence of large amount of the D4E1 transcript in Tr23 (Mentag //et al.//, 2003).
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==== Pathogen elicitors ====
* Crude elicitors from //X. campestris// pv//. campestris// strain 147
* Crude elicitors from //X. populi// pv. //populi// strain 2551
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==== Genes involved in defense ====
//MAPK// genes (Hamel //et al.//, 2005; Duplessis //et al.//, 2009).
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
Hybrid poplar cell suspension cultures of //Populus trichocarpa// x //Populus deltoides// H11-11 (Dr. M. Gordon, University of Washington, Seattle, WA) (Hamel //et al.//, 2005).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
//NA//
=== Molecular markers ===
Expression of //MAPK// genes tested by in-gel kinase assay (Hamel //et al.//, 2005).
=== Brief description ===
Perception of a mix of various elicitors from both bacterial strains (which can be quite specific but for which the specific poplar R-genes for //Xanthomonas// spp. are unknown) activated two MAPKs of about 44 and 47 kD, probably of ERK-type. The MAPKs are then activating plant defense mechanisms (Hamel //et al.//, 2005).
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==== Resistance gene: Unknown ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
* //P. nigra//: good resistance (Pinon & Valadon, 1995).
* Hybrid //P.// x //euramericana// (parental species: //P. deltoides// and //P. nigra//): different susceptibility behaviors depending on the cultivars (Pinon & Valadon, 1995).
* //P. trichocarpa//: good resistance (Pinon & Valadon, 1995).
* Hybrid //P. trichocarpa// x //P. deltoides//: good resistance (Pinon & Valadon, 1995).
* //P. alba//: generally good resistance (Pinon & Valadon, 1995).
> See Table 1 for resistant cultivars found in literature.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
//NA//
=== Molecular markers ===
Morphological markers.
=== Brief description ===
Resistant species or cultivars are determined by field observations or by controlled mechanical inoculations of the pathogen into the plants. A literature synthesis of the susceptibility of main European cultivars to //X. populi// pv. //populi// was made by Pinon & Valadon in 1995.
**Table 1: Main European resistant cultivars to //X. populi//, according to the literature synthesis of Pinon & Valadon (1995).**
^//P. nigra// ^//P.// x //euramericana// ^//P//. //trichocarpa// ^//P. trichocarpa// x //P. deltoides// |
| **cv. Ankum** (Anonymous, 1982a)**cv. Brandaris** (Anonymous, 1982a) \\ **cv. Loenen** (Anonymous, 1982b) \\ **cv. Schoorldam** (Anonymous, 1982a) \\ **cv. Vereecken** (Anonymous, 1982b; Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ \\ **cv. Wolterson** (Anonymous, 1982a) | **cv. Agathe F** (Anonymous, 1982a; Ride & Ride, 1993; Koster, 1972; Viart, 1972) \\ **cv. Bietigheim **(Albrecht & Boden, 1988 \\ **cv. BL Costanzo** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Bleu d’Exaerde** (Kolster, 1967) \\ **cv. Boccalari** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Büchig** (Albrecht & Boden, 1988) \\ **cv. Campeador** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Dolomiten** (Albrecht & Böden, 1988) \\ **cv. Gaver** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Ghoy **(Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères, 1982a; Soulères, 1982b) \\ **cv. Gibecq** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. I214** (Anonymous, 1982b; Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Boden, 1988; Kolster, 1967; Janssen, 1989) \\ **cv. I455** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Isières** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Koster** (de Vries, 1987) \\ **cv. Lampertheim** (Albrecht & Böden, 1988) \\ **cv. Ogy** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Ostia** (Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Böden, 1988) \\ **cv. Primo** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Rintheim** (Albrecht & Böden, 1988) \\ **cv. Serotina de Selys** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Spijk** (Anonymous, 1982a; Koster, 1972) | **cv. Blom** (Anonymous, 1982a; Ride & Ride, 1993; Koster, 1972) \\ **cv. Columbia River** (Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Böden, 1988; Soulères, 1982a; Soulères, 1982b; Janssen, 1989; Kechel & Böden, 1985) \\ **cv. Fritzi Pauley** (Anonymous, 1982a; Ride & Ride, 1993; Koster, 1972; Albrecht & Böden, 1988; Kolster, 1967; Janssen, 1989) \\ **cv. Scott Pauley** (Ride & Ride, 1993; Albrecht & Böden, 1988) \\ **cv. Trichobel** (Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères, 1982b) | **cv. Beaupré** (Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères, 1982a; Soulères, 1982b) \\ **cv. Hunnegem** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Raspalje** (Ride & Ride, 1993) \\ **cv. Unal** (Ride & Ride, 1993; Soulères 1982a; Soulères, 1982b) |
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===== References =====
Albrecht J, Böden E (1988). Zur Krankheitsanfälligkeit von zugelassenen Pappelklonen der Sektionen Aigeiros und Tacamahaca. Holzzucht 42: 25-29.
Anonymous (1982a). Populierengids n°1. Wageningen, the Netherlands, 39 p.
Anonymous (1982b). Populierengids n°2. Wageningen, the Netherlands, 40 p.
Cary JW, Rajasekaran K, Jaynes JM, Cleveland TE (2000). Transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth //in vitro// and //in planta//. Plant Sci. 154: 171-181. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00189-8|10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00189-8]]
De Lucca AJ, Bland JM, Grimm C, Jacks TJ, Cary JW, Jaynes JM, Cleveland TE, Walsh TJ (1998). Fungicidal properties, sterol binding, and proteolytic resistance of the synthetic peptide D4E1. Can. J. Microbiol. 44: 514-520. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1139/w98-032|10.1139/w98-032]]
de Vries SMG (1987). //Populus euramericana// ’Koster’. Ned. Bosb. Tijdschr. 4: 99.
Duplessis S, Major I, Martin F, Séguin A (2009). Poplar and pathogen interactions: Insights from //Populus// genome-wide analyses of resistance and defense gene families and gene expression profiling. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 28: 309-334. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680903241063|10.1080/07352680903241063]]
Hamel LP, Miles GP, Samuel MA, Ellis BE, Seguin A, Beaudoin N (2005). Activation of stress-responsive nitrogen-activated protein kinase pathways in hybrid poplar (//Populus trichocarpa// x //Populus deltoides//). Tree Physiol. 25: 277-288. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.3.277|10.1093/treephys/25.3.277]]
Janssen A (1989). First results of resistance tests on different poplar clones in vitro with the bacterial canker pathogen //Xanthomonas populi// Ridé. Proc Meeting IUFRO working party S2.02.10, Hann Münden, 2-6 October 1989.
Kechel HG, Böden (1985). Resistenzprüfung an Pappeln aus Gewebekultur. Eur. J. For. Path. 15: 45-51. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1985.tb01041.x|10.1111/j.1439-0329.1985.tb01041.x]]
Kolster HW (1967). Populiererassen in de EEG Landen en hun bruikbaarheid voor Nederland. Stichting Bosbouwproefstation ’De Dorschkamp’, 150p.
Koster R (1972). Elf nieuwe populiereklonen : ten geleide. Ned. Bosb. Tijdschr. 238: 173-189.
Mentag R, Luckevich M, Morency MJ, Seguin A (2003). Bacterial disease resistance of transgenic hybrid poplar expressing the synthetic antimicrobial peptide D4E1. Tree Physiol. 23: 405-411. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/23.6.405|10.1093/treephys/23.6.405]]
Pinon J, Valadon A (1995). Comportement des cultivars de peupliers commercialisables dans l’Union européenne vis-à-vis de quelques parasites majeurs. Ann. Sci. For. 54: 19-38. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19970103|10.1051/forest:19970103]]
Ride M, Ride S (1993). Sensibilité de cultivars ou clones de peuplier à //Xanthomonas populi//, agent du chancre bactérien, 5 p.
Soulères G (1982a). Informations populicoles. Rev. For. Fr. 4: 327-328.
Soulères G (1982b). Étude sur cinq nouveaux cultivars de peupliers. Forêts de France 255: 29-34.
Viart M (1972). Note sommaire sur onze nouveaux clones néerlandais. Rev. For. Fr. 24: 293-294.
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===== Further reading =====
Nesme X,Steenackers M, Steenackers V, Picard C, Ménard M, Ridé S, Ridé M (1994). Differential host-pathogen interactions among clones of poplar and strains of //Xanthomonas populi// pv. //populi//. Phytopathology 81: 101-107. PDF: [[https://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1994Abstracts/Phyto_84_101.htm|www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1994Abstracts/Phyto_84_101.htm]]